Raspberry Pi as a Laptop

Raspberry Pi may have all the connectors you need to build a computer, but it’s still just a board. To complete your setup, you need all the other accessories like a keyboard, mouse, and monitor, which may already be lying around your home. Setting up your Raspberry Pi as a desktop is quite simple; after connecting all the accessories to your Raspberry Pi board and loading the operating system to the microSD card, you can start using your Raspberry Pi computer. But if you want to cut all the wires and build a portable laptop from the tiny Raspberry Pi board, it would require a totally different setup.

Laptops have great advantages when it comes to convenience and portability. That’s why hardcore and creative DIY enthusiasts took the challenge of turning the Raspberry Pi into a laptop. Computer manufacturers like Kano have already marketed laptops with a Raspberry Pi board at its core. Other laptops built from Raspberry Pi like CrowPi, Pi-top 3, and Lap-Pi are also on par with mainstream Chromeboxes and netbooks when it comes to performance and price.

How To Turn Raspberry Pi Into a Laptop

Turning Raspberry Pi into a laptop would take learning to a whole new level. It’s not as simple as connecting peripherals here and there. It would take accessories and proficient knowledge on electronics, coding, and computers to build a working Raspberry Pi laptop. Furthermore, you need additional connectors and electronic tools like the multimeter to test if the voltages and current going around the board and its components are correct. You can probably tell by now that it’s quite complicated but not impossible if you have the passion and creativity.

If you feel inconvenient going through the intricate assembly, you can just buy Raspberry Pi-powered laptop kits like a Kano computer and the playful Lego Raspberry Pibook. These kits have all the components you need to build a laptop, and you have to connect all these together and enclose them in a case, which is also already included. But glory is found in difficulty, so if you want to get your hands dirty on assembling your own Raspberry Pi laptop, here are the basic things you need aside from the Raspberry Pi board:

Display

If you have some cash to spare, you can buy a brand new IPS display and connector for your DIY Raspberry Pi laptop. But if you have old laptops or tablets just sitting in the corner that still have working displays, you can go green by recycling the display. You most likely need a Raspberry Pi HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) with an IPS display connector. You just need to connect the HAT to the 40-pin GPIO header on the Pi board, and you can straightaway connect your display to the board.

Keyboard

You can get your fingers tapping on a Bluetooth keyboard for your Pi laptop, but you should get a Raspberry Pi with Bluetooth capabilities like the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ or the most recent Raspberry Pi 4 B. Otherwise, you can source the keyboard out from your old laptop as long as you know the connectors and the driver you need.

Trackpad

There’s not a lot of touchpads you can buy individually. DIY makers usually salvage trackpads from old laptops. These, however, are still using a PS2 connector, so if you want to do the same thing, you would need to do some soldering to make the touchpad work with the Pi’s interface. If you have advanced electronic skills, you can do what other makers have already done; use an Arduino microcontroller, or other similar boards, to convert the trackpad’s PS/2 to USB. If you want to make things easier, you can buy a wireless keyboard with a built-in touchpad instead.

Battery Pack

Power banks are a good choice for a power supply for DIY laptops because they’re already enclosed in a casing. You just need to solder some wires, add a switch, and you already have a battery pack. If you don’t have a power bank, you can glue your AAA batteries together, connect a switch, and put them in case. There are many other means to create a battery pack as long as you know your way around electronics.

Casing

You can use any sturdy and lightweight material for your casing. Makers usually opt for a heat-resistant plastic casing, but you can also choose metal or wood. That would all depend on your style and creativity.

Cooling System

The system will generate heat. Thus, a cooling system is absolutely necessary. To keep the air flowing within and prevent damages to the components, you need to add cooling fans and heatsinks. You can either buy new fans and heatsinks, or you can rummage your old laptops or even desktops for working heatsinks and fans.

Coding Skills

Setting up your Raspberry Pi laptop does not connect all the components together and organize them inside a case. Aside from your skills in electronics, you need coding skills too. You need to install the drivers for the components and some coding to make them work with the board.

These are the essential components in building a Raspberry Pi laptop. You can add other fancy features if you want your laptop to be unique. You have all the freedom to design your own laptop so you can include anything that would suit your needs and style. If you have all the components and the skills required, then the possibilities are endless in building your very own Raspberry Pi laptop.

A Little Throwback

Arduino hails from Italy, and it’s said that it was named after a bar where the developers usually meet to discuss the board. The first Arduino was developed in 2005 and aimed to provide students at Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Italy with an inexpensive microcontroller board. Its cost and simplicity also piqued the interests of hobbyists and professionals; it wasn’t long until it reached a wider community of makers. Many other varieties of Arduino boards have been created since then. In 2013, around 700,000 Arduino boards were already sold ^[1].

Raspberry Pi was born seven years after Arduino when Eben Upton invented a low-cost, modular, the single-board computer that will help improve the programming skills of his students. Like Arduino, it soon reached a wider audience due to its cost and versatility. The first Raspberry Pi board cost only $35, far less expensive than the existing computer boards that usually cost five times higher. The small board got even smaller and cheaper after the Raspberry Pi Foundation created the Raspberry Pi Zero, the smallest Raspberry Pi board to date, which costs only $5. Raspberry Pi progressed rapidly that millions of boards were already created from the initial target of just 10,000 boards years after its first release.

Raspberry Pi and Arduino: Key Differences

Raspberry Pi and Arduino have grown by leaps and bounds over the years. Because they’re both a favorite among students, DIY enthusiasts, and project builders, these boards are often compared head-to-head despite having different platforms; Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer while Arduino is a microcontroller. Although they both find their niches in DIY projects, robotics, and electronics, they have many differences in performance, cost, software, and functionality. Read on to know the main differences between these two miniature boards to help you decide which one will be suitable for your future projects.

Hardware

Raspberry Pi is built as a mini-computer and thus seats all the basic components of a computer. At the heart of all Raspberry, Pi boards is a 32-bit or 64-bit Broadcom ARM CPU, from the 700MHz single-core CPU of the original Pi to the much faster 1.5GHz quad-core CPU of Raspberry Pi 4. Broadcom Videocore GPUs are also integrated on the board for graphics processing. The RAM ranges from 256MB to 8GB, depending on the model. USB ports for data transfer and HDMI ports for display are also embedded on the board. Some models also consist of Ethernet ports and have wireless capabilities as well. There’s a microSD card slot for storage reserved for the microSD card containing the operating system. All Raspberry Pi boards include a 40-pin GPIO header, save for Raspberry Pi Zero and Raspberry Pi Zero W, where you need to solder the header yourself.

On the other hand, Arduino is a circuit board built as a microcontroller. Its computing power is far less than that of Raspberry Pi. 8-bit Atmel microcontrollers are at the core of every Arduino board, which are often less than 100MHz. The RAM ranges from 2KB to 64MB. Storage is based on flash memory, from 32KB to 128MB, depending on the model. Some models have a USB port that serves as a communication link and as a power supply. Those without the USB port use the Atmel microcontroller’s pins for communication and can be powered up using a battery pack. Not all boards have built-in networking features. Some would require additional hardware, known as Arduino Shield, which is usually attached to the board to connect to a network. Like the Arduino Uno WiFi, other boards have included WiFi support due to the increasing demands for IoTs.

Software

Because a Raspberry Pi is essentially a computer, it requires an operating system to boot up. The Linux OS for Raspberry Pi called the Raspberry Pi OS (previously Raspbian) is the default OS of Raspberry Pi’s. However, other Linux and non-Linux OSes can also run on the tiny board. There’s a long list you can learn with the Pi’s when it comes to programming languages. You can start coding with Scratch, Python, JavaScript, HTML5, C, C++, and Java, to name a few.

Unlike Raspberry Pi’s, Arduinos don’t need an OS to run. Arduino systems are much more simple than Raspberry Pi’s. It would be best to program the microcontroller, although the programming languages you can use are limited to C and C++. Arduinos are plug-and-play devices, which means, once you power it up, it will run the program you’ve encoded and will terminate the program once you shut it off.

Uses

When you embed a Raspberry Pi in your prototypes or projects, you’re embedding an entire computer to perform many different tasks. Due to its lower computing power, Arduino is limited to just one or two tasks and repeatedly runs the same program. The Raspberry Pi is more complicated than the Arduino, but its complexity is a huge advantage for a multi-functional project. For example, to interact with sensors, you would need to install libraries and other software in a Raspberry Pi, whereas you need a simple code for the Arduino to do the same task. You can build simple projects, like sensing the temperature in a room, using an Arduino, but you can build more complex projects like a DIY drone using a Raspberry Pi. Because there are more components on a Raspberry Pi, it generally costs more than an Arduino.

As you can see, the Raspberry Pi and Arduino are two very different boards, and both have their own set of strengths and weaknesses. If you’re working on a project that requires you to fulfill only one or two tasks, you can go for an Arduino, but for projects that require more complicated tasks and programming, then the Raspberry Pi would be a better option.

Hailing from the United Kingdom, the first generation of Raspberry Pi was released in 2012 with the intention of teaching students about computers. Due to its size, cost, and modularity, it has been utilized for other purposes, such as in IoT (Internet of Things), robotics, electronics projects, and is now being promoted for industrial use as well.

The unbelievably tiny computer has spanned four generations so far. There are normally two versions for each generation, models A and B, but revisions and enhancements come along the way, upgrading the models to A+ or B+. Although inedible, these Raspberries have delightful features. Two of the most in-demand models are from the third and fourth generations of the Raspberry Pi. Expectedly, Raspberry 4 is a better model, but it costs more than its predecessors. Is it a worthy upgrade from Raspberry Pi 3? Read on as we dig deeper into the gratifying features of its two recent versions.

Raspberry Pi 3 vs. Raspberry Pi 4

Both Raspberry Pi 3 and Raspberry Pi 4 offers complete functionalities of a basic computer on a single board. They are equipped with ARM processors, RAM, Ethernet port, display port, USB ports, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, and a 40-pin GPIO header. While there are three variations of Raspberry Pi 3 (B, A+, B+), Raspberry Pi 4 only has one, Raspberry Pi 4 B, but it comes with four configurable memory amounts.

These two boards also differ in performance, connectivity, and display capabilities among many other things. For comparison purposes, we will be using Raspberry Pi 3 B+, the final revision of the Raspberry Pi 3 generation, and the closest predecessor of Raspberry Pi 4.

Performance

When it comes to performance, Raspberry 4 is a sure winner. Sporting a higher-end Broadcom quad-core processor running at 1.5GHz, newer memory technology with selections ranging from 1GB to 8GB, and a Broadcom Videocore VI GPU, it is a beast, at least in the Raspberry Pi family.

Although it lacks the RAM options of the fourth generation, Raspberry Pi 3 B+ is not far behind when it comes to performance. Embedded with a lower-end Broadcom quad-core processor with just a slightly lower clock speed of 1.4GHz, it can still deliver a pretty nifty performance when paired with 1GB of RAM and a Broadcom Videocore IV GPU.

Here are the key components driving the performance of the tiny boards:

Display and Audio

Raspberry Pi 4 B carries two micro-HDMI connectors onboard, allowing dual display output. Media playback is also a notch higher than its predecessors, supporting up to 4K videos. But one downside to it is you likely need to find a micro-HDMI to HDMI adapter.

On the other hand, Raspberry Pi 3 B+ has an embedded HDMI port and can play videos at 1920×1080p. Although the resolution is lower than Raspberry Pi 4’s, video playback is still considerably satisfactory, plus you don’t need a special adapter to connect your HDMI display.

For audio connectivity, both models come with a 3.5 mm analog audio-video jack.

Connectivity

The two miniature computers have both wired and wireless capabilities. Bluetooth also comes as a standard.

LAN Connectivity

Both models support Gigabit Ethernet, but Raspberry Pi 3 B+’s gigabit performance is hindered by the USB interface that connects the Ethernet port to the motherboard. This interface greatly reduced the maximum throughput to only 315Mbps. Because of this limitation, the interface was eliminated on Raspberry Pi 4 B. The gigabit Ethernet jack is instead directly connected to the motherboard, unobstructed by any interface for optimum gigabit performance.

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

The wireless LAN for both Raspberries is up-to-date, supporting 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. When it comes to Bluetooth, Raspberry Pi 4 B has the latest Bluetooth 5.0 in place while its predecessor is using the earlier version, Bluetooth 4.2.

Ports and Storage

Aside from the ports already discussed, there are still other ports on the miniaturized computer boards. There are four USB ports in each of these Raspberry boards. While all four USB ports on the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ adopt the USB 2.0 standard, two of the ports on Raspberry Pi 4 B have been upgraded to USB 3.0; the other two remain as USB 2.0.

Raspberry Pi boards are more than just a computer. The inclusion of a 40-pin GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) port also makes it suitable for electronics experiments and projects, as it allows you to control your electronic circuit from the Pi itself. In addition, the GPIO port on Raspberry Pi 4 B can serve as the power port, but Raspberry Pi 3 B+ lacks this capability.

Raspberry Pi 4 B is mainly powered up via the USB Type-C port while Raspberry Pi 3 B+ is through a micro-USB port.

Another common thing for both models is the microSD slot reserved for the microSD card that is loaded with a Linux-based operating system. The diminutive SD card also serves as the computer’s hard drive.

Which Pi Should You Buy?

Based on all the features discussed, it can easily be seen that the Raspberry Pi 4 B is an upgraded version of Raspberry Pi 3 B+ in almost all aspects, but it has one disadvantage – heat issue. The faster processing speed will generate more heat and heat issue is inevitable down the road. If the board is used extensively, especially those with higher RAM, a separate cooling system may be required (which means additional cost). Apart from this, Raspberry Pi 4 B is a superb choice for an affordable yet powerful, versatile, and complete computer board.

Still, Raspberry Pi B 3+ is not to be brushed aside. Its components may be at the lower end, but its performance is still up to the mark. Except for dual display support, it’s still capable of all the things that its successor can do at a lower price. If you don’t need all the fancy upgrades of Raspberry Pi 4 B for your computer or projects, then Raspberry Pi 3 B+ would be a good alternative.

Raspberry Pi Zero

Raspberry Pi Zero is the smallest computer board ever created by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. Released in 2015, Pi Zero only measures 6.5cm by 3cm, just half the size of the standard Raspberry Pi board. It’s equipped with the same single-core Broadcom processor used in the very first Raspberry Pi, but it runs faster with a higher clock speed of 1GHz.

The best selling point of this amazingly small board is its price. With only $5, you get a 32-bit computer that’s complete with a 1GHz ARM11 Broadcom CPU, Broadcom Videocore IV GPU, 512MB of RAM, a microSD card slot, two microUSB ports (one exclusively reserved for power), one mini-HDMI port, a CSI camera connector, and one unoccupied 40-pin GPIO header. But there’s one thing missing – network connectivity. There’s no Ethernet port nor Wi-Fi card on the board, which means you can’t connect it to a network. Because it’s designed to be a minimalist board, Bluetooth is also not included. If you need the Internet, you can connect a USB Wi-Fi dongle or a USB Ethernet port as a workaround.

As you can see, Pi Zero can only give you the bare minimum for a desktop PC. Aside from the network cards, you still need a lot of things like a USB hub to connect various USB devices and a mini-HDMI to HDMI adapter for the display to complete the setup. But for $5, you already get more than what it’s worth.

Raspberry Pi Zero W and Raspberry Pi Zero WH

Perhaps Raspberry Foundation realized the struggles that Pi Zero users go through to connect to a network. Because of Pi Zero’s popularity but lack of network support, the Raspberry Foundation released a Pi Zero variation with built-in wireless features. Introduced two years after Raspberry Pi Zero, Raspberry Pi Zero W has the same components as the original but with the addition of 802.11n wireless card and Bluetooth 4.1. Because of the additional features, it costs slightly higher than its predecessor. With a price tag of just $10, it’s still very affordable considering all the features you can get from such a tiny board. Like the Pi Zero, the W variation is power-efficient.

Now let’s get on to the next Pi Zero variation. Remember the unoccupied 40-pin header in Raspberry Pi Zero? That is no longer a free space for the other Pi Zero variation.

The Raspberry Pi Zero WH sports an integrated 40-pin GPIO header (the H stands for).  It’s everything that Raspberry Pi Zero W is but with the inclusion of a 40-pin GPIO header. This is a great additional component for people who need the GPIO pins but don’t want to go through the hassle of soldering the header.

Raspberry Pi Zero’s OS

Just like any other Raspberry Pi, the microSD card slot on a Raspberry Pi Zero is reserved for the microSD card which holds the operating system. The majority of the OSes compatible with Raspberry Pi are Linux-based, like Arch Linux and Kali Linux, but the default and widely installed OS of Raspberry Pi Zero is the Raspberry Pi OS (previously called Raspbian), downloadable for free from the Raspberry Pi website. Although it’s built for Linux, non-Linux OSes like RISC OS and NetBSD can also run on the Pi Zero.

Before installing the OS, it’s recommended to install the operating system installer Berryboot or NOOBS (New Out of Box Software) to make the installation much easier. You can also download these for free from the Raspberry Pi website. If you don’t want to go through the hassle, you can just purchase a microSD card from Raspberry Pi that’s preloaded with NOOBS. This makes things a lot easier since NOOBS provides you with a list of operating systems, and you just select the OS that you want to install.

What Are They Used For?

Raspberry Pi Zero is a great tool for people who want to start getting their hands on building computers. It has a simple and uncomplicated platform that makes learning easy for children and adults alike. Likewise, it’s a suitable tool for people who want to start cheap in learning how to code languages like Python, C, and C++.

Besides learning about computers and programming, you can also build your hobby projects using the Raspberry Pi Zero. Its small size is a big advantage in build projects because it’s easier to embed than its larger counterparts. Raspberry Pi Zero has also found favor in the IoT community, especially after integrating wireless capabilities in Raspberry Pi Zero W. There are many cool things that you can build with it, either for your home or for work. Creative DIY enthusiasts have created countless projects like portable game consoles, home network music systems, WiFi security cameras, and even weather stations using Raspberry Pi Zero.

The Raspberry Pi Zero’s flexibility, versatility, and computing power also make it an excellent tool for industry-grade projects such as robotics and electronics.

This humble board has surpassed many people’s expectations. The super-cheap board may look just like any other circuit board from the first look, but it carries more power in it. It’s versatile enough that you can learn how to assemble computers, learn how to code, and embed an entire computer in your build projects with it. With the inclusion of wireless capabilities and GPIO headers, there are many other things that you with the Raspberry Pi Zero family. Who would’ve thought that such a small board can do many great things?

How Ethernet Works

Each device in an Ethernet network has an Ethernet card, more commonly known as the NIC (Network Interface Controller). These devices are referred to as nodes, and they talk to each other using protocols. In the context of networking, a protocol is a language of communication between connected devices. Nodes communicate through frames, chunks of information that nodes send as short messages. Frames carry information that a node is sending to another node. If protocol is the language, frames are the sentences. The Ethernet protocol specifies the set of rules for constructing frames, and each frame has a destination and a source address to identify the sender and receiver of a frame. No two nodes have the same address. The devices are connected to each other through Ethernet cables, also referred to as the medium.

Signals tend to attenuate as they travel through a cable. Some signals may even get lost if the cable is too long. To retain quality, the signal needs to be amplified. In an Ethernet network, these amplifiers are called Repeaters. Repeaters, or signal boosters, are electronic devices that amplify and then retransmit a signal. These repeaters are installed at certain intervals in an Ethernet network.

Colliding Signals

A common problem in Ethernet networks is the collision of signals, which happens when two or more computers send data at the same time. The CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) effectively deals with this network dilemma. With Carrier Sense, the computer checks whether the wire is being used before it sends information, which is applied when many computers use the same connection, thus the Multiple Access. When the devices in a network send information at the same time, this information will collide and will not be sent successfully. Collision Detection is the ability of the devices in the network to detect that other devices have also sent information to other devices. When this happens, said devices will wait for a random amount of time, then try resending the information.

Ethernet Cables

Ethernet cables bind together all the devices in a network. There are currently two types of Ethernet cables available: Twisted Pair and Fiber Optics. The type of cables used determines the performance of the network.

Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted Pair Ethernet cables are made of copper wires twisted in pairs and bundled together in a plastic cover. The ends of the cables are sealed in an RJ45 connector. Twisted Pair cables have been around since the beginning of Ethernet networking, and they are classified according to several categories.

The first cable used in an Ethernet network was the Category 1 cable, which was widely used in the 1970s. Also known as the coaxial cable, this cable is composed of twisted telephone wires wrapped in a plastic jacket. Subsequent iterations had improvements in frequencies and performance. However, it was not until 1995 when there was a significant leap in frequency and speed. Category 5 cables have a frequency of over 100MHz and a much faster speed of 100Mbps. It was not long before the Category 5e or Cat 5e cable was introduced, pushing the speed to 1Gbps. The Category 6 cable came out at the beginning of the 21st century. Running at 250MHz, Cat 6 cables can deliver data at 1Gbps over 330 feet and can go as fast as 10Gbps at over 150 feet. Cat 6 cables also have shielding to reduce interference. An enhanced Cat 6, the Cat 6A cable runs at 500MHz, delivering 1Gbps over 330 feet. Category 7 is next in the cable ladder, with a higher frequency of 600MHz and outstanding performance of 10Gbps over 330 feet. To enhance the isolation, each pair of wires is shielded, and another shield covers the entire bundle of wire, further reducing interference. The Cat 7 cable was enhanced to Cat 7A, which carries 1GHz at an astonishing speed of 40Gbps over 165 feet. The list is getting longer, with the latest addition to the group, the Category 8 cable, running at the highest frequency of 2GHz and a speed of 40Gbps. Cat 7 and Cat 8 are mainly used in server rooms and data centers, where top-grade speed is required.

Fiber Optics Cables

Nowadays, fiber optics has been taking the limelight in the networking field. Made of fiberglass, fiber optics can deliver much better performance than traditional copper wires. Fiber optic cables can handle 10Gbps of data over long distances of 1000-6000 feet. This eliminates the need for signal boosters. Fiber optics are also immune to interferences, unlike copper cables, since they carry light instead of electricity. The signal is therefore more reliable in fiber optic cables.

Benefits of Ethernet

Ethernet is still widely implemented all over the world, despite the rise of wireless communication. With newer technology developed over time, Ethernet continues to cater to the needs of most networkers, especially their need for speed. Ethernet is also more reliable than its wireless counterpart. Since data travels through cables and not thin air, there is less chance for interruption from radio frequencies and other signals. Reliability, efficiency, data security, and faster speeds are just some of the many benefits of an Ethernet network, which is still widely used in today’s networking spaces.

Kano developed a platform that educates young children about computers and how to code apps and simple games. Although it’s designed for kids, adults can also benefit from the learnings that Kano offers. Aside from assembling the hardware, Kano computers are also packed with Kano software loaded with interactive tutorials and projects. Most of these tutorials are taught through stories and games, making learning engaging for kids.

The Hardware

Kano computer’s hardware is not built for extreme performance, but it’s decent enough for playing videos and low-end games, web-browsing, and other tasks of everyday computers. For years since Kano’s initial release, Raspberry Pi was powered until it joined forces with Microsoft and released its Windows-based PC in 2019. Either way, the Kano computer kit always includes illustrated instruction manuals, sheets of stickers, and case cards.

Raspberry Pi Generation 

From its first release in 2014 until 2019, Raspberry Pi computers have been the heart of every Kano kit. Though its performance is on par with entry-level PCs, the Kano computer didn’t lag behind when it comes to evolution. Raspberry Pi 1 in its original kit moved up to Raspberry 2 and Raspberry Pi 3 in its subsequent releases to keep up with the demand for faster speed. The kit also included Kano’s signature bright orange wireless keyboard, yellow HDMI cable, red USB power supply, blue USB speaker, green dongle for wireless connectivity, orange USB sound sensor, and a small board, a red power button, and an SD card loaded with Kano OS. The kit also contains a cable block to keep the cables neat and organized. Connect all these together, and you have an orchestra of colorful components at the bottom of the display, all wrapped in a transparent and durable plastic casing. Two-in-one kits were also made available with the Computer Kit Complete and Computer Kit Touch that come with 10.1″ displays that are convertible to tablets.

The Kano PC

In 2019, Kano waved goodbye to Raspberry Pi after it collaborated with Microsoft. As the 2-in1 unit is now called, the Kano PC features an Intel Celeron N4000, UHD Graphics, 4GB of RAM, 64GB eMMC, and Micro SD card for storage, dual-band Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth 5.0. It also comes with two USB 3.0 ports, one USB-C port for charging the battery, and an HDMI port. The touchscreen display is slightly larger than its predecessor at 11.6″ with a 720p resolution. As can be seen from the specs, the performance is still not that spectacular but will do great for everyday computer tasks.

Assembly time is much shorter since most components are already on the board. There are only two things to connect to the new Kano PC, the blue speaker that connects to the 3.5mm audio port and the red battery. Despite this, Kano didn’t lose its educational flair since all the board components are labeled, so children learn a little more about computers during the assembly. The bottom casing is the same transparent and sturdy plastic that can be easily snapped to the display’s bottom. The keyboard retained its bright orange color and is now affixed to a magnetic keyboard dock with magnetic pins to hold the display securely when attached. The keyboard cover is also magnetic, which can be folded to support the display when on laptop mode. The trackpad is wider and was moved down to the bottom of the keyboard, unlike in previous generations where it sat right beside keys.

The Software

Kano is known for ready-to-build PCs and for educational, interactive, and insightful pre-loaded software. Previously installed with a Linux-based operating system, it switched lanes after teaming up with Microsoft, and the Kano PC has Windows OS in full run.

Kano OS

Kano computers powered by Raspberry Pi were running on Kano OS, a Raspbian-based, Linux operating system. Like any other computer, it will ask you to set-up the device with user accounts and Wi-Fi connection on the first boot-up. It will also ask you to go through a sound test all done in a true Kano fashion – kid-friendly and interactive. Kano computers are specifically known for the Story Mode, an interesting application exclusive to the computer kit that guides the kids to Raspberry Pi’s different components. In addition, it also serves as a portal for games and challenges like Hack Minecraft, Makes Pong, and Make Snake. Kano computers are also stuffed with Kano Code, Kano’s code learning system, which teaches the fundamentals of coding. Kids hone their coding skills through code blocks – drag-and-drop tools that make coding easier to understand. Other applications are pre-installed in the kit, and tons of other applications are available in Kano’s online database.

Windows-based Kano PC

The switch to Windows OS is a big leap for Kano, but it seems like a worthy feat. The new generation Kano PC is loaded with Windows 10 Home.  Like the previous generations, there are also pre-installed educational applications on the new computer. The Raspberry-related Story Mode has been replaced by How Computers Work, which contains significant information about computer parts with the inclusion of binary coding. Low-end games like Minecraft are also pre-installed, and coding lessons are still made available through the Kano Code.

Kano’s venture into creating simple, build-it-yourself computers with education in mind became a huge success. Despite the big switch to Windows, Kano did not divert from its goal of fostering a child’s mind in learning technology in an enjoyable, fun, and playful way.

Numerous networking devices expand a network like switches, hubs, and ethernet splitters. The simplest among these devices is the modest ethernet splitters. Ethernet splitters are inexpensive, minuscule network devices that split one Ethernet signal into two. These are also one of the most uncomplicated networking equipment, which does not require a power supply and no special buttons or status lights on its body. This tiny device is pretty straightforward, consisting only of three ethernet ports, two on one side and one on the other side. Some types have a short ethernet cable with an RJ45 connector on one side and two ethernet ports on the other side.

The splitters have been in use in the networking space for a long time, but many can still set them up properly. Contrary to what most people think, ethernet splitters should always come in pairs. Making a direct connection from one end of the splitter to the router and then connecting two devices to the two ethernet ports on one side simply won’t work. There’s a proper way to set-up ethernet splitters in a network for them to work perfectly.

The Proper Setup

Ethernet splitters are useful in connecting two devices in a different room from where the main signal is coming. They help save cables, network wall outlets and provide reliable connections in most cases. As was mentioned previously, ethernet splitters come in pairs. One splitter merges two signals from a device (in most cases, the router), and one unmerge the signals into two lanes, allowing two devices to be connected.

You have a router in Room A, and you have two computers in Room B, but you only have one ethernet wall jack in each room. In this case, you take one splitter, connect two cables to the router, connect the other end of the cables to the splitter, and then connect one end of the splitter to the wall jack in Room A. This is where the two signals from the router are merged into one. Next, take the other splitter and connect the side with one port to Room B’s wall jack. Room A’s merged signal will now be unmerged back into two, and now you have two ethernet ports for the two devices in Room B.

As you can see, one splitter is used to unsplit two signals and another one to split them, which is why the splitters should always come in pairs. The number of cables and number of wall jacks is also reduced as there is no need to add another ethernet wall jack in each room and no need to use two cables in between these jacks. This is just one of the simple scenarios where ethernet splitters serve their purpose best.

Do Ethernet Splitters Reduce Speed?

Perhaps the common question when using ethernet splitters is, “Will it slow down the connection?” The answer would depend entirely on the type of network where the splitters are used. Ethernet splitters are based on the rather old 100BASE-T standard or more commonly known as Fast Ethernet, which carries the 100Mbps nominal traffic rate.

In a Cat5e ethernet cable, there are 4 pairs of wires, which means a total of 8 wires in one cable. In Fast Ethernet, only two pairs out of four are utilized; the other two pairs are just sitting there, unused. The splitter will take two 100Mbps signals from a router, which means two ethernet cables, and merge them on one end. These signals will then be unmerged into two 100Mbps signals on the other end. Each port on the receiving end of the splitter can therefore carry a max speed of 100Mbps. To answer the question then, if the splitters are used in a 100Mbps network, no, they will not slow down the connection. However, if your router can provide a speed of 1Gbps and you use a splitter in between, then the speed will be greatly reduced to 100Mbps, theoretically. In this case, the splitters did reduce the speed, and the connection will be slower.

Pros and Cons

Ethernet splitters may come in handy in certain circumstances, but they have a lot of drawbacks. For one, they can only provide a maximum speed of 100Mbps per ethernet port. In a network that can provide more than 100Mbps, the resources won’t be fully optimized due to this limitation. Moreover, the number of devices you can connect to is limited to just two, so if there are more than two devices connected, ethernet splitters will not be the best option. In addition, if you only have one remaining ethernet port in your router, it would be impossible to use the splitters at all; some sacrifices have to be made. Furthermore, although they reduce the number of cables to connect two networks, two splitters are still required for the setup to work.

On the other hand, ethernet splitters offer a few advantages. They cost a lot cheaper than other networking equipment, and they don’t require an elaborate setup. Furthermore, unlike most network devices, they don’t need any software or configuration. Ethernet splitters are an ideal option in home networks where there are fewer devices connected, typically, a maximum of two devices in one room. If you’re content with a 100Mpbs connection and only have two devices to connect, then ethernet splitters are the best way to go.

Ethernet splitters have been around for ages, but simple as they are, there isn’t much improvement to overcome their limitations. They’re still based on the aging Fast Ethernet standard that may no longer be as significant in today’s demand for faster speed. Although they have their own set of pros, they still simply won’t a viable option in most cases. With today’s technological advances, there’s still a lot of hope for the future of ethernet splitters. Some genius might just be able to raise it to a Gigabit Ethernet standard.

As the brain of the computer, the CPU is the main processing unit that receives and executes instructions from computer software or application. Similarly, it sends out instructions to other parts of the system, telling them what to do. It is the most crucial part of a computer system, without it, the computer is basically dead.

The GPU has similar functions as the CPU, but it only processes graphics-related information and renders graphical content. If a computer without a CPU is dead, a computer without a GPU is blind, with no video output.

In most systems, the CPU and GPU are two separate entities. There isn’t really a problem with this except that the data transfer rate will improve if the two processors are closer to each other. Furthermore, these two units operating at the same time results in higher power consumption, and AMD didn’t turn a blind eye to this. In 2011, they introduced their first high-performing and power-efficient processor that combined the advantages of the CPU and GPU into one, single chip, popularly known today as the APU.

Evolution of APU

AMD, as a leading manufacturer of computer electronics, has been transpiring structured and efficient architecture for their CPUs and GPUs. The APUs they have created is usually a merger of their existing CPU and GPU designs. The resulting processor performs better than the average CPU and GPU combined. Before it was known as APU, it was first branded as the “Fusion”. Due to a trademark infringement issue, the term was later on changed to APU.

AMD designs two types of APU, one for high-performance devices and another one for low power devices. The first generation APU for high-performance devices featured K10 CPU cores and Radeon HD 6000-series GPU and was codenamed, Llano. Likewise, the first APU for low-power devices featured the Bobcat microarchitecture and a Radeon HD 6000-series GPU and was codenamed, Brazos. In 2012, AMD released Trinity, the second generation of high-performance APU, and Brazos 2.0, the second generation of low power APU. The APU continued to progress as AMD’s CPU and GPU architecture advanced, with performance as the core of each enhancement. Succeeding generations featured the latest architecture at that time, and each iteration bagged numerous improvements over the previous one. Aside from performance, AMD also improved on upgradability. While earlier releases inhibited future CPU upgrades this was made possible starting with the APU Ryzen series. The 2020 release, Renoir, is based on Zen 2 core architecture and Vega 8 graphics.

APU continues to evolve to this day, and with recent and more advanced architectures from AMD, the release of the next generation of APU is imminent.

Benefits over CPU + GPU

The APU’s game-changing technology is a significant development in the computing industry, and it has several advantages over the CPU + GPU setup.

Better performance. Blending CPU and GPU in the same chip improved the data transfer rate significantly since they are now using the same bus and sharing the same resources. APUs also support OpenCL (Open Computer Language), a standard interface for parallel computing, which utilizes the computing power provided by GPUs. With its multi-core, CPU and GPU, tasks that require the high processing power of a CPU and the fast-image processing of a GPU can take advantage of the performance an APU can offer.

Power-efficient. Combining two chips into one does not only save space but saves power as well. Aside from improving the APU’s performance, AMD also consistently works on reducing the power consumption of the chip despite it already being low power. The recent releases feature low Thermal Design Power (TDP). For example, Ryzen Embedded 1102G features the lowest TDP of only 6W.

Cost-effective. Price is probably the biggest advantage of AMD’s APU over CPU and GPU tandem. With a price tag of ~$100 to ~$400 depending on the features, purchasing an APU generally costs cheaper than buying a CPU and a GPU separately. Though the higher end units are quite pricey, they’re still considerably cheaper than the price of CPU and GPU combined with the same level of performance. This also holds true for future upgrades. Since AMD is now lax when it comes to upgradability and compatibility of APUs, users can save a lot with just a one-chip upgrade compared to upgrading both processors.

Is it a Better Processor?

APUs have been used across different devices such as desktops, laptops, servers, mobile devices, and game consoles. This heterogeneous chip has been patronaged by businesses and consumers for a decade. But can it really replace CPU and GPU? Ultimately, it would depend on the user’s needs and demands.

Consumers, PC builders, and gamers on a budget can turn the benefits of APU to their advantage. Most APUs can provide decent performance. In fact, it can outperform the performance of mid-range CPUs and GPUs. It’s a perfect choice for users who don’t really demand intensive use of graphics and the highest possible performance from a CPU. It will also do great for home and office standard PCs. AMD continues to develop more advanced APUs, and recent releases are already capable of supporting graphics-heavy tasks.

However, when it comes to extreme gaming, an APU won’t suffice. It’s still not able to compete with the graphical experience that high-end discrete graphics cards can offer. For low-budget, entry-level PC building and gaming though, an APU would be an ideal alternative.

APU cannot completely take the place of CPU and GPU, but it is a fitting high-performance, power-efficient alternative in many cases. As AMD’s designs continue to advance and new technologies continue to emerge, it would come as no surprise if the future generations of the APU can fully replace both CPU and GPU.

There are usually three things to consider when choosing an ATX case – size, cooling, and design. ATX cases have rooms for 5.25″, 3.5″, and 2.5″ drive bays for optical drives, HDDs, and SSDs, respectively, the number of which depends on the size of the case. There are also slots for graphic cards, case fans, and expansion cards. Choosing the type of ATX case would greatly depend on the number of components to be installed and whether expansion is a possibility in the future. The size of the casing, therefore, plays a vital role in the customization of its components. Logically speaking, bigger cases can hold bigger motherboards, have a better airflow, and can house more components, internally and externally.

Aesthetics also matter to most PC builders, especially for those who build for personal use. Consequently, manufacturers come up with a plethora of case designs that suit the taste and style of different types of users. It also comes in different colors to give the box some flair. Average consumers are normally content with simple and basic designs, but gamers and creative PC enthusiasts are usually willing to invest extra bucks for over-the-top cases. Some of these cases are equipped with LED lighting, see-through side panels, transparent covers, and case fans with LED lighting designs that are highly favored by avid gamers.

One advantage of ATX cases is the backward compatibility of small ATX motherboards with large ATX cases. There are a variety of ATX cases available, from super/ultra towers to mini-towers.

Tower Sizes

To this day, ATX is still the most common motherboard design, and to a great extent, the size of an ATX case depends on the form factor of the motherboard to be installed since it is the largest internal component. There are four different sizes of ATX cases that cater to the differing demands and needs of users.

Super/Ultra Tower

It is the biggest ATX case measuring 27″ tall or more and can house the largest ATX motherboard, the XL-ATX, but it also supports the smaller ATX motherboard variants. Among the ATX cases, this behemoth enclosure has the greatest advantage of expandability and interchangeability. Its bigger size also means more space to install a cutting-edge cooling system to keep the heat dissipated despite the number of components installed and long hours of use. This type of case falls on the expensive side. It is normally reserved for server builders, overclockers, and hardcore gamers who require multiple drive bays, multiple video cards, multiple I/O slots in a single, powerful, and expandable enclosure.

Full Tower

Aside from the size, there is not much difference between an ultra tower and a full tower. Although slightly smaller than the ultra tower, the full tower is still big enough to handle multiple drive bays with still more rooms for up to four graphics cards, multiple I/O slots, and expansion slots. It supports different sizes of motherboards, from mini-ITX to E-ATX. Like the ultra tower, there is more than enough space for an adequate cooling system in a full tower allowing users to install larger cooling fans and heatsinks. This type of ATX tower also doesn’t come cheap and is normally sought-after by server builders, gamers, overclockers, or creative professionals who work intensively on graphics and require extreme PC performance.

Mid-Tower

Measuring 17″ to 21″ tall, the mid-tower is the standard tower size supporting the standard ATX motherboard and its smaller siblings. Mid-tower ATX cases strike a good balance between size, price, usability, and expandability. It can support up to three GPUs, has multiple slots for 5.25″, 3.5″, and 2.5″ drives, and can have as many as eight expansion slots. Furthermore, it still has sufficient space for additional case fans and heatsinks. This type of casing suits those on a budget but doesn’t want to compromise the space for airflow and the number of components that can be installed, making it a popular choice among gamers, PC enthusiasts, and average consumers alike.

Mini Tower

Mini Tower is the smallest and the cheapest among the ATX cases, with a 14″ – 16″ height. It is designed for micro-ATX (mATX) motherboards but is also compatible with mini-ITX types. Unlike the bigger towers, mini-towers can hold a maximum of only two graphic cards and have fewer slots for storage drives. The airflow is limited but still acceptable since there are fewer components inside as compared to the other towers. Its small size also gives it an advantage of portability and placement flexibility; it can be stowed almost anywhere and can fit even in small spaces. Despite its size, builders can come up with a complete system with this case, equipped with all the basic functionalities of a computer. This is suitable for users on a budget and who don’t have a lot of demands from a PC.

ATX cases come in all shapes and sizes, offering different features and expandability and interchangeability options. Bigger cases can fit in more components and can provide better airflow and ventilation. Smaller cases can house fewer components but are more portable and can save more space. Aside from size, the design is another consideration to most, if not all, users. Since ATX cases co-exist with ATX motherboards, different types of ATX cases will continue to emerge as long as ATX motherboards remain the prevalent design.

Choosing a laptop is not an easy feat, especially with a profusion of laptop models in the market. Decision-making becomes even more difficult when the advantage of one brand over another is being considered. Two brands that are normally compared head-to-head are Acer and ASUS. Hailing from Taiwan, both companies have released various laptops suitable for every type of user – gamers, professionals, students, or those who just need a laptop for entertainment.

Acer was founded in 1976 and offers a variety of computer products such as laptops, desktops, and tablets. They also sell computer accessories like monitors, mice, keyboards, and projectors.

ASUS, on the other hand, was founded in 1989 by an engineer who was a former Acer employee. Like Acer, they’re also known for their computer products and accessories, but they’ve expanded to motherboards, graphics cards, routers, headsets, and smartphones.

Both Acer and ASUS received awards for design and innovation, but which Taiwanese brand offers a better laptop? Find out from their detailed comparison below.

Innovation

It’s a tie for both brands when we talk about innovation. Both come up with new and unique features that attract more users.

As they continue to add more models to their laptop lineup, Acer also continues to come up with a number of innovations. For one, they’ve come up with laptops that have a 15.6” display but weigh less than 2 lbs. The frame is also just 0.35”, making it even sleeker. This is particularly evident in their Swift series, but they’ve also done the same thing with some of their gaming laptops.

Acer is also known for LiquidLoop, a fanless cooling system employed in their Switch 7 Black Edition, eliminating the fan noise while keeping the laptop cool.

Another awesome Acer innovation is the CNC-machined Ezel Aero Hinges in Predator Triton 900 screwed at both sides of the screen, making it adjustable forward and backward for great viewing angles and even all the way down to switch the laptop to a surface book.

ASUS also has its own line of innovations. The most unique is probably the ScreenPad integrated into their selected Zenbook, Vivobook, and Studiobook series. Taking the place of the touchpad, the screenpad functions as a secondary display that has an interface similar to mobile phones so users can work on the main screen and can watch videos on the screenpad at the same time. Apps can also be accessed from the screenpad, and accessible apps can be customized by the users.

ASUS also made their ROG Mothership GZ700GX more superior with a detachable, wireless keyboard allowing users to put the keyboard anywhere comfortable.

When it comes to cooling, ASUS developed a detachable liquid cooling module that pumps coolant into the laptop, and pipes distribute the coolant into the laptop. This unique cooling architecture is particularly employed in their ROG series. In addition, the keyboard in some of their ROG series also has its own cooling system, distributing cool air in the entire keyboard. These unique cooling systems will certainly keep the laptop cool despite long hours of use.

Design

When it comes to design, ASUS has a slight edge over Acer. Both brands have sleek, lightweight, and portable laptops but the majority of ASUS laptops have metal casings, specifically made of aluminum, making them more robust and durable. Their designs also look elegant and stylish with a variety of colors to choose from.

To be fair to Acer, their designs are also not the worst out there. In fact, they have laptops that have a professional finish. However, they’re more inclined to using plastics rather than metals, with the exception of a few models like the Chromebox 13, which has an aluminum chassis and hinges.

Overall, ASUS laptops have better and more durable laptop designs than Acer.

Performance

It’s a tie for both brands when it comes to performance. The performance of a laptop would depend on its and the components used in Acer and ASUS laptops are more or less the same.

Both Acer and ASUS laptops are armed with the latest processors either from Intel or AMD, as well as top of the line graphic cards, RAM, and secondary storage, especially in their gaming and professional laptops.

Overall, both brands have laptops that offer a wide variety of products that provide moderate to extreme performance levels that would suit a user’s need.

Price-to-Performance

It’s a win for Acer in this category. Considering the entirety of the laptops from both brands, you can get a slightly cheaper laptop from Acer that has the same performance level as an ASUS laptop.

There are, however, a few exceptions to this, like the ASUS ROG G703GX, which has a better price-to-performance than its Acer contender, Predator Triton 900. Both are the latest gaming line-ups from both brands, but for the same performance, it’s more worthwhile to spend lesser bucks on ROG G703GX.

Generally, Acer does have the edge over ASUS for best value laptops. Predator Helios 300 laptop, for example, has a price tag of less than $1000; considerably cheap for a gaming laptop. Acer’s Chromebook series are also more budget-friendly than ASUS’s. When looking at the other series from both brands, Acer’s pricing is slightly lower as compared to ASUS.

Customer Service

Like Acer, ASUS also has multiple channels for customer support like phone, email, and chat, and both have knowledge bases or FAQs providing online references to customers. When it comes to warranty, though, Acer has offerings for accidental damage coverage, while this is not applicable to all ASUS laptops.

Acer and ASUS have their fair share of complaints when it comes to customer support, so it’s safe to say that it’s a tie when it comes to customer service, although if you’re a clumsy user, but you have your eyes on an ASUS laptop, better check if its warranty covers accidental damages.

The Verdict

Acer and ASUS are award-winning brands, and both are fairly popular in the computer market. However, there is no consistent winner in all the aspects discussed in this article. Laptops from both brands have more or less the same level of performance and customer support. If you’re on a budget, go for an Acer laptop, but if budget is not an issue and you’re into aesthetics and durability, then ASUS would be right for you.

There are spectrum analyzers for different types of signals, but this article will focus mainly on Radio Frequency (RF) Spectrum Analyzers.

What is an RF Spectrum Analyzer?

An RF Spectrum Analyzer is a widely used test instrument that measures the power of the spectrum of the input signal by measuring its amplitude, displayed on the vertical axis (y-axis), versus its frequency, displayed on the horizontal axis (x-axis). The output is displayed in the frequency domain. It’s effective in providing insights into the RF performance of circuits’ modules or systems because, with the signal information obtained from the analyzer, the type of signals present can be identified, and their frequencies, frequency levels, and amplitude can be measured. Furthermore, other spectral components of a signal, such as dominant frequency, power, distortion, harmonics, and bandwidth, can be observed.

What are the Types of Spectrum Analyzer?

Generally, spectrum analyzers are categorized into two types: the swept-tuned spectrum analyzer and the FFT spectrum analyzer. However, spectrum analyzers evolved in different form factors over the years, continually advancing with technology. Regardless of its form factors, it still serves its main purpose – to analyze the frequency spectrum of any given signal. Below are the different types and form factors of spectrum analyzers, each intended for different uses and applications.

Swept spectrum analyzer. Also known as the superheterodyne spectrum analyzer, the swept type is the traditional and the oldest form of the spectrum analyzer. The older models rely on analog techniques and have served as the foundation of spectrum analysis testing for many years. Most of these models are already outdated and are replaced by modern types of swept spectrum analyzers that use digital techniques.

Digital FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) spectrum analyzer. As the name indicates, this type of spectrum analyzer is using digital technology, converting analog signals to their digital format using FFT techniques. In a nutshell, FFT techniques use a mathematical process to transform a waveform into the components of its frequency spectrum.

Real-time spectrum analyzer. This FFT-based spectrum analyzer is a hybrid of swept and FFT type. Using the superheterodyne technique, it first converts the signal down to a lower frequency, then uses FFT techniques to analyze the signal. The manipulation of FFTs is undertaken rapidly in real-time leaving no gaps and information missed in the calculated RF spectrum. Furthermore, this type of spectrum analyzer can sample incoming signals in a time domain (as with an oscilloscope) and convert them to a frequency domain using the FFT algorithm. It captures a whole band of frequencies at once, analyses it, and then displays the spectrum.

PXI spectrum analyzer. PXI is a standard based on PCI eXtension Instrumentation and is widely used for test instrumentation, data acquisition, and control. As the name suggests, this type of spectrum analyzer is based on the PXI standard, thus, it can be incorporated into a PXI rack.

USB spectrum analyzer. This type of spectrum analyzer uses spectrum analyzer software to analyze, store, display, and replay the data. The software is installed in a computer where the device is connected to via USB port. This is more portable and cost-effective than bench-top spectrum analyzers since only the acquisition hardware needs to be purchased.

Handheld spectrum analyzer. This comes in handy in the field for monitoring radio or wireless transmissions and for checking the characteristics of the spectrum. Made in small, handheld formats, this type of spectrum analyzer does not have the same performance and capability as the larger types of a spectrum analyzer.

Networked spectrum analyzer. This type of spectrum analyzer is connected to a network via the ethernet port. It monitors devices across a network. This is useful in monitoring geographically-distributed devices and is normally installed in clusters to cover the whole geography of the devices to be monitored, thus, the larger the geography, the more spectrum analyzers are needed.

What is Spectrum Analyzers used for?

Spectrum analyzers are mainly used in electronics laboratories for testing and verifying RF performance. They are mainly utilized in RF design, general electronic circuit design, electronics manufacturing, base service and repair, and field installation and service.[1]

General tasks that spectrum analyzers are used for in a laboratory are:

• checking if a modulated signal can cause interference
• checking for the presence of noise or distortion
• checking if the signal is in the right band of frequency
• investigating general problems with a signal
• measuring power
• measuring phase noise on a signal
• measuring frequency
• undertaking EMI & EMI measurements
• plotting the level of different frequencies relative to each other

Outside the laboratory, spectrum analyzers also have many practical uses such as debugging wireless networks, testing modulation/encoding techniques, monitoring radio signals, and checking antenna performance, RF amplifier gain, signal bandwidth, and band usage. In the area of mobile networks, for example, it is extremely useful in locating and eliminating interference. Handheld spectrum analyzers, in particular, are used by mobile network operators for interference hunting to help them establish and maintain network signals.

It also has uses in other fields of science such as astronomy, geology, and biochemistry, among others. As an example, spectrum analyzers are used to analyze the chemical composition of materials based on the spectral pattern of light in the field of spectrometry.

Although a spectrum analyzer has many uses, it is not a tool for everyone. It would take a professional who understands how it works and how to interpret the characteristics of a signal to operate the device. Nonetheless, it is an indispensable test instrument that has a wide array of uses, not only in the field of electronics but also in other fields of science.

Sources:

What is a Spectrum Analyzer: RF spectrum analyzer, Electronics-Notes.com ]]> https://linuxhint.com/curved-and-flat-ultrawide-monitors/ Fri, 25 Dec 2020 08:52:25 +0000 https://linuxhint.com/?p=82100 In today’s fast-paced world, multitasking has become a norm in everyday work scenarios. Creative professionals, for example, have multiple windows and tabs open at the same time. Editing can be confusing and frustrating if there is a constant need to switch from one window to another. Additionally, editing in a small screen can cause discomfort to the eyes. Dual monitor setup has provided relief to these dilemmas, but there are downsides to it. The setup requires more space and cables, and in cases where the monitors are not identical, there is inconsistency in screen resolution, size, and display colors. In addition, dual monitor setup will always have a bezel gap, the annoying space between two monitors, which can cause visual inconvenience, especially for designers.

Ultrawide monitors are a better alternative to this setup. An ultrawide monitor can do everything that a dual monitor setup can but on a single, wider screen. It has 33% more horizontal screen real estate than the standard monitor and a higher aspect ratio of 21:9 as compared to 16:9 of standard monitors. A 21:9 aspect ratio is similar to the ratio of movie theater screens; thus, it can provide users with a more cinematic feel. Additionally, it has a higher screen resolution of 2560 x 1080 or 3440 x 1440 depending on the screen size. There are two types of ultrawide monitors dominating the display market today, curved and flat. Scroll down to know the benefits of each monitor type before deciding which one is the better fit for you.

Flat Ultrawide Monitor

Flat monitors have been around for ages, and there’s a wide array of sizes available. Ultrawide flat monitors have drawn the interest of many, especially gamers and professionals, because their wide screens provide striking and precise images. The emergence of curved ultrawide monitors, however, is slowly breaking the status quo and many are wondering whether this will put an end to its flat counterpart. Fans of flat monitors don’t need to worry; flats still have advantages over the curves.

• Mount-friendly. Flat monitors look better when mounted on the wall since they are flush with the adjacent wall. They are also easier to mount because unlike curved monitors, they don’t require special mounts and positioning for optimum viewing.
• Lesser glare. Flat screens have lesser glare because the light is projected at a single, uniform angle. Curved monitors, on the other hand, catch light from all angles resulting in uncomfortable distortion and blinding glares.
• Accommodates more viewers. Curved screens offer better viewing experience from an optimal angle, and normally, only a single viewer will benefit from this. Furthermore, the viewer has to sit directly in the center of the display for a full visual experience. This means that in a meeting room with numerous viewers, not all will have a good view. Flat screens have more advantage in this aspect because all viewers will have the same view of what’s on display.
• Less expensive. Flat monitors are generally cheaper than curved monitors. This is beneficial to customers who are practical and are content with the visual appeal that flat monitors offer.

Curved Ultrawide Monitor

The curved monitor is relatively new and is distinguished by its pronounced, sleek curve. The curve is designed to wrap around the viewer’s vision for a more realistic viewing experience. The intended effects are especially noticeable in ultrawide curved monitors because the effects tend to diminish when the size gets smaller. Curved monitors overcome the challenges of flat monitors and come with a great many benefits.

• More immersive. Curved monitors use ocular perception technology, put, it mimics the natural field of view of human eyes. Expanding to peripheral vision, the images appear larger resulting in a more realistic and immersive visual experience.
• Comfortable for the eyes. On a flat monitor, the eyes have to keep on refocusing when scanning the screen since the information at the edges is farther from the eyes than at the center resulting in more ocular exertion. Because curved screens mimic the eyes’ field of view, there is less visual strain and distortion as compared to the flat screens. Looking at the curved screen for an extended period is therefore not as draining to the eyes as looking at the flat screen.
• Wider viewing angle. Curved monitors have a wider viewing angle because of the curved panel. This cuts down distortion because the light is directed to the eye instead of around the head. In addition, a wider viewing angle makes the images bigger than they would on a flat-screen monitor.
• More sense of depth. Unlike flat monitors, curved monitors include the three visual dimensions – length, width and height. The display resembles the depth of 3Ds minus the format issues offering a richer and more in-depth viewing experience.

Which is Better?

Ultrawide monitors, whether flat or curved, are great for gaming, multitasking and general entertainment. Their wider screens expand the work and viewing spaces eliminating the need for dual monitors. However, the debate of whether curved is better than flat is still unconcluded.

What makes curved monitors standout is the immersive viewing experience that’s closely similar to 3D. In addition, its smooth, curved design is ergonomic, providing comfort to the eyes and neck. These are hugely beneficial to gamers and professionals who stare at the screen for hours.

Flat monitors likewise have a string of benefits that curved monitors cannot provide. They’re easier to mount and more affordable than the curved monitors. Some users also find the curved monitor’s display distorted and prefer the precision of flat monitors instead. This is, of course, entirely subjective and would greatly depend on the viewer’s perception.

Choosing between flat or curved ultrawide monitor would ultimately depend on the user’s personal preference. For users who want to enjoy the benefits of a comfortable and immersive viewing experience, the curved option is totally worth the price. Still, for users who have a limited budget and don’t fuss about the features and benefits of the curves, flat monitors are a great choice.

In 2010, Razer marked another first in history by introducing Razer BlackWidow, the world’s first gaming mechanical keyboard. Since then, Razer has been pushing innovation to raise the gamer’s experience to the next level.

Razer BlackWidow

Razer Mechanical Switches

Mechanical switches are the main and most important component of mechanical keyboards. To have more control over the performance, stability, and durability of the switches, Razer decided to develop their mechanical switches. The Razer Mechanical Switches were first embedded in the BlackWidow in 2014. Today, the Razer BlackWidow family has three variants of mechanical switches – green, yellow, and orange.

• Razer Green Switch. The green switch is Razer’s classic mechanical switch. It has a tactile and clicky feel, which means users can feel a bump and can hear a distinctive click sound with each keypress.
• Razer Orange Switch. The orange switch is tactile but silent. Like the green switch, users can feel a bump with each keypress but unlike the green switch, the clicky sound is absent.
• Razer Yellow Switch. Razer’s yellow switch is linear and silent. Users won’t feel any bump and won’t hear any clicking sound. It’s also faster than the green and the orange switches with only a 1.2mm actuation point and 0mm reset point.

Aside from the key-feel, other attributes make each switch distinct from the other as summarized in the table below.

Razer BlackWidow

The Razer BlackWidow is a family of sturdy, robust, and well-built gaming keyboards equipped with Razer Mechanical Switches. This iconic keyboard has gone through enhancements and innovations since its introduction in 2010 to meet the demands and needs of gamers. With two sizes available, users can choose between a full-sized, feature-rich keyboard or the tenkeyless variety which is more portable with a compact form factor. There are currently 16 keyboards in the BlackWidow family each with different features and designs that would suit every gamer’s needs. Read on to discover the astonishing features that come with this legendary keyboard.

RGB Backlighting 

Keyboard backlighting is a feature that makes gaming keyboards alluring. Each switch of the BlackWidow is individually lit.  The keyboard is powered by Razer Chroma RGB with over 16.8 million customizable color options and 150 Chroma-integrated titles to choose from. To make the colors brighter and more vivid even in a well-lit environment, Razer started using transparent casing in their latest editions of the BlackWidow. With dynamic lighting effects and more vibrant colors, gamers can personalize the gaming keyboard and can have a more immersive gaming experience.

Superior Durability

Razer’s mechanical keyboards are built to last for years with a lifespan of 80 million keystrokes. To increase each keycap’s durability, Razer adopted the doubleshot molding process where the lettering is molded into the structure as opposed to being printed. This ensures that the lettering will not wear off even after millions of keystrokes. Furthermore, the keycaps have tough, extra-thick walls to withstand prolonged and repeated use in addition to dust and liquid protection. The enhanced Doubleshot ABS keycaps are currently installed on the Razer BlackWidow V3 and Razer BlackWidow V3 Pro. Complementing the rugged keycaps is the keyboard’s robust casing. With the top frame’s Aluminum construction, the BlackWidow is indestructible despite intense, regular use.

Extra Features 

Razer has integrated extra features in selected editions of the BlackWidow family, allowing gamers to control their entertainment settings with ease. The Razer BlackWidow Elite comes with extended controls in the form of a Multi-Function Digital Dial and media keys located in the top right corner of the keyboard. These provide easy access to media-specific functions such as adjusting the volume and changing tracks which are also fully customizable via Razer’s configuration software, Razer Synapse 3.

The Razer BlackWidow V3 likewise comes with a multi-functional digital roller and a media key-set which can be used for play, pause, and track skipping and for volume and brightness controls. The roller can also be reprogrammed through Razer Synapse 3 for a slew of other functions such as page scrolling and lighting controls.

On the other hand, Razer BlackWidow V3 Pro sports media buttons and a circular wheel in the top-right corner of the keyboard. The three-round buttons are for play, back, and forward, while the circular wheel is for volume control with a mute button sitting at its center. These are also programmable through Razer Synapse 3.

Aside from the media control features, Razer also included ergonomic wrist rest with a padded leatherette cushion. The soft padding lets the wrists rest comfortably relieving pressure and fatigue over long gaming periods.

Connectivity Modes

All the BlackWidows are wired save for one model. Razer recently decided to cut the cord and combined Hyperspeed 2.4 GHz and Bluetooth wireless technology in Razer BlackWidow V3 Pro. Armed with the latest wireless technology, users can expect smooth, low-latency gaming with the Blackwidow’s productivity edition. There’s no need to worry when the battery goes low, it can still be used while charging using the detachable USB-C cable.

Razer has made history by releasing the world’s first mechanical gaming keyboard but it didn’t stop there. Always a leader in the gaming market, Razer is known for game-changing and award-winning innovations across its products. The legacy Razer BlackWidow continues to evolve with increased durability, stability, and reliability with every new release. Combined with advanced technology and amazing features, the world-renowned gaming keyboard will always be on every gamer’s list of the bests.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD). The magnetic and mechanical spinning drive is considered a legacy storage device. It’s been around since the mid-20th century. HDDs are made of moving parts which more often cause the device to fail. Currently, the form factors available are the 3.5” and 2.5” HDDs. Today’s HDDs are using the SATA standard (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) interface which replaced the already obsolete IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) and PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) standards.

Solid State Drive (SSD). SSD is the new generation storage device which stores the information in flash-based memories. It does the same functions of HDD, only faster. Unlike  HDD, it is unlikely to fail as there are no moving parts. SSDs use either the SATA or PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) interface.

So where does NVMe fit in? To understand NVMe better, let us first know the differences between SATA and PCIe interface.

SATA vs PCIe

SATA and PCIe are the interface media for internal storage devices. SATA is used for both HDD and SSD while the more recent PCIe is used for SSDs.

The hard drive is the slowest among the hardware components of computers. To keep up with the speed of other components, it was an absolute necessity to replace IDE and PATA standards with the faster interface, SATA.

SATA is both a connector and a bus standard. The SATA connector connects HDDs and SSDs to the SATA bus of the computer’s motherboard. This simple connector had several developments and its latest iteration, SATA III is widely used in modern HDDs and SSDs. SATA III has a transfer rate of 600 MB/s and uses AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface) to communicate with SATA devices. AHCI was designed explicitly for the spinning HDDs, but because there was no standard for SATA drives upon its development, AHCI was endorsed to work with SATA. Although AHCI was compatible with SATA drives, it didn’t fully optimize the potential of the flash-based SSDs because of its slow transfer rate. Also, there is a need for a SATA controller for AHCI to communicate with the SATA drive further slowing down the data transfer. Manufacturers then explored other interfaces that could deliver faster transfer rates.

PCIe is a high-speed expansion bus standard that replaced the older and slower PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. It was used mainly for graphics, Wi-Fi and Ethernet cards. PCIe has a direct connection to the CPU, which significantly speeds-up the transfer rate. Unlike SATA, PCIe does not require a controller in between the drive and the CPU for data to be shuttled to and fro. PCIe also comes with other impressive advantages such as lower latency, scalable performance, increased I/O of up to 40 lanes per CPU socket, and low power.[1] PCIe 3.0 is the latest generation of PCIe and has a transfer rate of 985 MB/s per lane and can consist of up to 16 lanes. These superb attributes of PCIe make it an ideal slot for SSDs. But one thing’s still missing; the communication standard between SSDs and the PCIe interface. This is when NVMe gets into the picture.

Does NVMe use PCIe?

There’s a lot of confusion between NVMe and PCIe as these two words are often used interchangeably. In other cases, SSD and NVMe are considered as two different drives. But what exactly is NVMe?

NVMe is neither an interface nor a drive. It is currently the industrial communication standard for NVM storage devices such as SSDs. As a matter of fact, it is designed specifically for flash-based SSDs. While PCIe is the physical interface, NVMe is the protocol that manages the NVM devices that’s using the PCIe. It is, therefore, similar to AHCI, only much faster.

In comparison, AHCI has only one command queue and can send 32 commands per queue, NVMe, on the other hand, has a mind-blowing 64K queues and can send 64K commands per queue. That’s an overwhelming 4M commands in total! Unlike AHCI which goes through the SATA controller before data is sent to the CPU, NVMe communicates directly to the CPU without the need for any controller. Moreover, it has over a million IOPs (Input/Output Operations per second) as opposed to 100K of AHCI. Additionally, it has a lower latency of just a few microseconds as compared to AHCI’s 30-100 microseconds. Let’s talk about the transfer rate. As previously mentioned, PCIe has a transfer rate of 1GB/s per lane. NVMe is using four lanes of PCIe, which means, theoretically, NVMe SSDs have a transfer rate of 3.9 GB/s.[2] More than 6x faster compared to the 600MB/s transfer rate of SATA drives.

It’s a done deal, NVMe is the sure winner in all aspects, but there’s one drawback – the price. NVMe carries a higher price tag, and for some, it is an impractical choice. SATA SSDs can run programs, transfer files and start-up a computer relatively quickly but for processing large video files for example, or in industries that require running multiple applications simultaneously and real-time processing of huge files, the extra bucks spent on NVMe drives is a worthy pay off.

Does NVMe use PCIe? It’s a definite Yes! NVMe works hand in hand with PCIe for an exceptionally high-speed data transfer and is a significant improvement over the older AHCI standard.

Sources:

[1] J. Metz, “NVMe for Absolute Beginners”, November 11, 2014, https://blogs.cisco.com/datacenter/nvme-for-absolute-beginners, Accessed December 16, 2020

[2] Westrick, Tom, “What Are NVMe Drives, and Should You Buy One?”, September 16, 2020, https://www.howtogeek.com/404627/what-are-nvme-drives-and-should-you-buy-one/, Accessed December 16, 2020 ]]> https://linuxhint.com/best_peplink_routers/ Tue, 01 Dec 2020 19:10:11 +0000 https://linuxhint.com/?p=79028

Peplink is one of the trusted names in the networking industry, providing a wide selection of routers suitable for businesses of all sizes. It is particularly known for bonding technology, cellular connectivity, internet load balancing, and failover solutions. It is also popular for SpeedFusion, its patented technology that bonds multiple connections into a single connection, improving the speed and reliability of multi-WAN networks. Aside from the sought-after cellular routers, it has also developed wired and wireless SD-WAN routers that support multi-WAN connections. Customer convenience has always been Peplink’s priority, and to make device management accessible anywhere, they developed a cloud-based management platform, InControl2, specially created for Peplink and Pepwave devices.

There’s a long list of routers from this networking giant but take a look at five of the best below when it comes to features and performance.

Max HD2 Dome

The modular design and the weather-proof IP67 exterior with multiple mounting options make Max HD2 Dome mountable almost anywhere. It’s fairly easy to install, too, requiring only one Ethernet cable. Designed for vehicular deployments, this router has two embedded LTE modems, one CAT 6 and one CAT 12 for North America and two CAT 6 modems globally. It also comes with four SIM slots, two for each modem. It has the capability to combine the bandwidth from two cellular links through Pepwave’s Speedbonding service. Unlike most outdoor deployments, both the antenna and cellular radios are housed inside the dome itself, minimizing cable loss and maximizing signal quality.  There’s only one Ethernet port on the dome, but in case there’s another device to be connected, Peplink has included an Ethernet splitter. Additionally, it comes with complete VPN support – PepVPN/SpeedFusion Hot Failover/SpeedFusion Bandwidth Bonding, PPTP VPN Server, and IPSec VPN. Special features such as Load Balancing, Bonding, Band Lockind, Optional Remote SIM Injector are also included. The optional SIM Injector will triple the number of the dome’s SIM slots to 12 and is capable of PoE output, so there is no need to add another PoE for the deployment.

Balance 30 PRO

This router from Peplink’s Balance series has two WAN ports for wired connections, which, with its five load balancing algorithms, allow load balancing between two WAN connections. Load balancing is one of the key features of this router where the network traffic is distributed to different Internet links, and if one of the links fails, Peplink Balance automatically routes traffic to the healthy link ensuring continuous connectivity for all the users.

The router also has a USB WAN modem port that supports various 3G and 4G mobile broadband USB modems. It also supports the more advanced LTE-A and has an embedded 3G/4G. Moreover, it is equipped with two standard 2FF SIM slots for cellular connectivity. Balance 30 Pro can be set to automatically switch to another network when data overage occurs and for other similar cases. It has a PPTP VPN Server and IP Sec VPN functions, and a built-in DNS Server. It is a notch higher than the Balance 30 LTE with its Wi-Fi interface, LTE-A support, and support for as many as 60 users.

Balance 20X

Balance 20X is another router from the Balance series that offers a lot of features and flexibility. It is the first Peplink router that has an upgrade path to 5G. While it wasn’t an appealing option to mobile users before, the enhancements on the new Balance 20x includes several mobile-friendly features such as an integrated cellular modem, an expansion slot for a second modular modem, and USB tethering support for connecting via a phone or mobile hotspot. The integrated cellular modem can serve as a back-up in case the primary DSL or cable connection goes down, keeping the business up and connected all the time. The 20X has so much to offer for only $399, one of the best values for a router with integrated cellular capabilities.

Max BR1 MK2

The MAX BR1 MK2 is the updated version of the MAX BR1 classic with more advanced features than its predecessor. It’s flexible and versatile, offering redundant SIM slots with automatic switching, DC or terminal block power capability, advanced GPS fleet tracking, and remote management.[1] This mobile router can be set to automatically switch SIM cards, a convenient feature for those who frequently travel across borders, as there is no need to change SIM cards manually. The built-in GPS fleet tracking makes managing the mobile network easier together with Peplink’s InControl 2 cloud-based management platform. With its drop-in mode, it can be deployed in any existing network without reconfiguring the existing devices. It’s rugged and durable metal casing allows it to be deployed almost anywhere – in an office, a remote job site, a moving vehicle, you name it. In addition, it’s equipped with WAN Ethernet connectivity, 802.11a/b/g/n/ac 2×2 MIMO WiFi has a built-in Cat 6 LTE Advanced modem, and comes with complete VPN solutions.

PDX

Hailing from Peplink’s X-series, PDX is a rugged and portable multi-cellular router with support for 4x Gigabit LTE connections, which means up to four different cellular providers can be supported by this device. With the 4x Gigabit LTE connections, fast and reliable connectivity is guaranteed regardless of the site’s location. It’s also capable of integrating SpeedFusion Engines for more cellular connections and frequencies. Furthermore, it has eight 802.3 PoE ports and can deliver 802.11ac Wi-Fi. It’s also 5G-ready with the built-in modular cellular modem. With SpeedFusion bandwidth bonding and intelligent load balancing, customers can expect nothing but an outstanding performance from PDX. The waterproof enclosure, vibration-resistant certification, and a wide range of operating temperatures from -40C to 45C make this ruggedized router ideal for tough environments. With its built-in battery, PDX can operate for nine continuous hours independently. It also comes with multiple ports, two WAN ports, and seven LAN ports.

The five modems discussed here are just a fraction of what Peplink has to offer. Other modems may be more appealing, depending on the needs of the business. For more details on the Peplink products and services, visit their website at https://www.peplink.com/.

Sources:

[1] Pepwave MAX BR1 MK2 Router with Cat 6 LTE Advanced Modem, N.d. https://5gstore.com/product/7865_pepwave_max_br1_mk2.html Accessed 28 Nov 2020

Mini-PCs have been gaining popularity in the consumer and enterprise market. Unlike the traditional form of desktops, mini-PCs can be tucked away almost anywhere, saving more space. It’s also lightweight and as portable as mobile devices; carrying it around is not much of a hassle.

PC manufacturers have been releasing their own versions of this inconspicuous desktop, giving consumers an option of ready-to-go computers or customizable kits. Even the Taiwanese motherboard manufacturer, Gigabyte, followed suit with Brix, integrating hardware components into their miniaturized motherboards. There are currently two types of Brix, the Mini-PC System, which is ready to use, and the Mini-PC Barebone, which is the customizable version.

Brix Mini-PC System

Brix mini-PC systems are already complete with Windows Pro OS, RAM, processor, graphics card, and storage drives. Intel’s line of processors, from Celeron to Core i7, is at the core of each mini-PCs performance. It’s loaded with multiple USB ports, including the latest iteration, USB Type-C. There’s also the multifaceted Thunderbolt 3, HDMI for displays, and Gigabit Ethernet port. It’s also equipped with Intel dual-band wireless card and Bluetooth 4.2. Storage-wise, it supports both M.2 SSD and HDD, with most models having a slot for each. The HDMI and Thunderbolt 3 allow multiple display connections at the same time. Up to 4K videos can be played, with graphics from prominent manufacturers like Intel and nVidia.

Among its line of mini-PC’s, the Gaming GT series is what stands out the most, although we don’t really see recent iterations already. Unlike most mini-PCs, Gigabyte’s gaming platform has a unique tall and sleek chassis, measuring 276x384x128 mm. The green, web-like accent on the upper half of the chassis gives it an edgy look. Another cool thing about it is the automatic exhaust fins on top that automatically opens up when the CPU reaches 80-degree Celcius. Adding a more futuristic feel is the ring of RGB LEDs on top, just below the exhaust fins. Users can play with its three modes: beat, pulse, and still, which can be set through the Gigabyte Ambient LED App.

Internally, the nVidia GeForce GTX 8GB graphics card, Intel’s Core i7 processor, 16GB of RAM, and ample storage of 240 GB SSD and 1TB HDD all drive the stellar performance that this PC can provide. The air-cooling system is brilliantly designed to ensure that the components do not heat up when the hardware components are taxed.

The Brix Gaming PCs performance is already incredible and the chassis is distinct, but considering that the i7 generations used are already aging and more advanced ones are already emerging, users are surely hoping that Gigabyte release another series equipped with the latest hardware.

Brix Mini-PC Barebone

Gigabyte’s barebone kits do not include the operating systems, RAM, and storage, giving the users the freedom to choose the components they need according to the performance they want.

There are currently five barebone kits available:

Brix s

It is suitable for home and business users. The latest models have two sizes to choose from: the slim and the HDD, understandably, it speaks about the type of storage the model supports. Some models have slots for both. There’s a broad range of processors to choose from, from Intel Celeron to i7 and AMD Ryzen 4000U series. There are two slots for SO-DIMM DDR4 memory modules, with some models supporting up to 64GB. It also comes complete with ports, with up to 7 USB ports including Type-C, HDMI, mini DP port, and Ethernet port. It’s also equipped with a Wi-fi card and Bluetooth. Up to four 4K displays can be connected simultaneously, except for lower-end models, which can support at least two.

Brix s – GB-BRR3H-4300

Brix Gaming

It features graphics cards and processors that are fit for gaming. Unlike the mini-PC system chassis, the barebone gaming chassis are either rectangular or square. Of the 11 units available, only GB-BXA8G-8890 houses an AMD processor and graphics card. The rest feature either an Intel i5 or i7 processor and an nVidia GeForce graphics card with selections from GTX 760 to GTX 1060. There are two SO-DIMM DDR4 slots, multiple USB ports, multiple mini display ports, and an HDMI port. For connectivity, there’s Intel Dual Band Wi-fi Card and Bluetooth 4.2. The rectangular models have two M.2 SSD 2280 slots and support two 2.5” HDD/SSD as well, while the square ones support 2.5” HDD and include one mSATA SSD Slot.

Brix Gaming – GB-BNE3HG4-950

Brix Pro

Brix Pro is designed for enterprise users but can also be used by home users with high demand for performance. The most recent releases have nothing but the latest features. Powering the high-level performance are 11th Gen Core i7 processor, Intel Xe Graphic, two Dual Channel DDR4 SO-DIMMs at 32 MHz slots, which can support a total of 64GB max. It’s also packed with six USB 3.2 ports, four HDMI ports, and the latest Thunderbolt 4 port. It’s also equipped with the latest technology of Intel Wi-fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.1. To keep the data safe from cybersecurity threats and physical theft, Gigabyte embedded the Infineon TPM security chip onboard, although it’s only available in certain countries for now.

Earlier releases are still available but it has lower-end Intel processors, graphics cards, Wi-fi cards, and Bluetooth versions. They also have fewer ports, but can still support multiple displays. There are two models with AMD Ryzen processors and integrated AMD graphics. Earlier releases do not include the TPM security chip. These are still fast enough for users who only require moderate performance.

Brix Pro – BSi7-1165G7

Brix IoT

Brix IoT are fanless mini-PC’s built for the Internet of Things, hence the IoT. Unlike the other Brixes, this is designed for embedded applications and suitable for kiosks, POS systems, digital signage, and the like. Four models are available to date. Two high-end models feature a 7th gen Intel Core i3 processor, two slots for SO-DIMM DDR4 memory supporting up to 32GB max, M.2 SSD 2280 slot, and a Micro SD card slot, though this was eliminated in GB-EKi3A-7100. The lower-end models feature quad-core Intel Celeron and Pentium processors, two slots for SO-DIMM DDR3L RAM, M.2 SSD 2280 slot, optional eMMC, and Micro SD card slot.

All models include dual-band Wi-fi cards, and Bluetooth 4.2. Multiple displays are also supported with dual HDMI ports, dual USB Type-C ports, mini DisplayPort, and supports serial communication via the COM port. As this specifically for IoT, the PCIe slot for a 3G module and Micro SIM card slot allow remote computing.

Brix IoT – GB-EKi3M-7100

Brix Projector

It is a mini-PC and video projector combo that comes in handy for business users. The components are at the lower end, but the projector function makes this tiny box versatile. It houses a 4th gen Intel core i3, two slots for SO-DIMM DDR3L RAM, Wi-fi card, Bluetooth 4.0, mini PCIe x1 and mSATA expansion slots, four USB 3.0 ports, and HDMI-In port. It supports dual-display with one HDMI and one mini DisplayPort. On the projector side, it features DLP technology that supports WVGA and offers a resolution of 864×480.

Brix Projector – GB-BXPi3-4010

Gigabyte has a long list of mini-PCs available, and there are still a lot of grounds to cover, but hopefully, the brief overview of the different platforms discussed here can help you decide which one suits you right.

Intel NUC Mini PC

Intel’s very own mini desktop is built with, needless to say, cutting edge Intel components. It’s only a fraction of the traditional desktop size, measuring only 117 x 112 x 38mm, but it has all the functionalities and can deliver the same powerful performance. It’s VESA-compatible, which means it can be mounted on nearly all displays, leaving more space and less clutter on your desk. It has spanned ten generations since its introduction in 2013, integrating the technological innovations that Intel develops every now and then. The NUC PCs are ready to use with Windows OS. It is built with a mini Intel motherboard integrated with Intel processors, from Celeron to Core i7. The latest models are also integrated with 16GB Intel Optane memory and support up to 64GB of RAM. Despite its compact size, it’s loaded with an array of ports, up to 7 USB ports in just one kit, with both Type A and C USB 2.0 and USB 3.1 Gen2, HDMI, Thunderbolt 3 port, and an Intel Gigabit Ethernet port. The Intel UHD Graphics card allows multiple displays to be connected simultaneously, and it supports up to 4K resolution. Connectivity-wise, you can never go less with an Intel Wi-fi card and Bluetooth 5. Now the question one might ask is, with all the powerful components already crammed into one unit, is there still enough space for storage? Yes, there’s definitely more room for that! In fact, some models can even support two types of storage – M.2 SSD and 2.5” HDD, although they’re slightly bigger at 117 x 112 x 51mm.

Intel NUC Kit

Unlike the NUC mini PC, the NUC Kit does not come complete with memory, storage, and operating system. This gives users the flexibility in expanding the components and type of OS to install. Though Windows is still mainly supported, other models also support Ubuntu. Processors are built-in to the motherboard, and users can choose from the full range of Intel processors. The chassis has the same dimensions as the NUC mini PC save for NUC Kit 9, which is slightly bigger, with the same internal drive form factors – M.2 SSD and 2.5” HDD. There are two slots available for DDR4 memory type, and up to 64GB can be installed.

The NUC 9 Extreme, as aforementioned, is slightly bigger than the normal kit. Designed with gamers in mind, it provides only stellar performance, housing Intel’s most powerful Core i9 processor. It is the latest and the most upgradeable model so far. Unlike the other models, the CPU is replaceable, and discrete graphics cards can also be installed. Measuring 238 x 216 x 96mm, the bigger size gives room for more ports and storage slots. It has a total of 11 USB ports, two Thunderbolt ports, and three M.2 SSD storage slots.

Intel NUC Rugged Kit

NUC Rugged Kit is an industry-grade Intel PC Kit built to withstand tough environments. The absence of fans and vents in the chassis makes it dust-resistant. In addition, this minute PC can hold out against extreme temperatures from 32F to 104F. ^[1] The small but durable and resilient PC provides industries a reliable performance with an Intel Celeron processor and customizable components. It’s suitable for digital signage, hospitals, medical clinics, operator consoles in factories, among others. The NUC Rugged is also available as a standalone board.

Intel NUC Elements

Intel NUC 9 Extreme Compute Element

NUC Elements are modular elements of a mini PC that are customizable and can be easily assembled with compatible components, making system builders’ life easier. There are currently four NUC Elements available:

• Intel NUC Compute Element – an easy to install module with Intel CPU, memory, Wi-fi, M.2 SSD slot, HDMI port, and two Thunderbolt ports for selected models.
• Intel NUC Board Element – are boards built for NUC Compute and NUC Chassis. There are two variations, NUC Rugged, which is fanless, and NUC Pro, with an optional thermal solution. The boards consist of M.2 SSD form factor, HDMI, and eDP graphics output.
• Intel NUC Chassis Element – chassis built for NUC Rugged and NUC Pro boards.
• Intel NUC Assembly Element – consists of M.2 SSD form factor, HDMI, eDP graphics output, and built-in thermal solution, designed specifically for NUC Pro Board. Currently, there’s only one option available.

Intel NUC Board

Intel also made available standalone miniature boards, measuring only 4 x 4 inches. The processors, ranging from Celeron to Core i7, are soldered directly onto the board, and it supports both M.2 SSD and 2.5” HDD except for NUC Board NUC8CCHB, which supports only the M.2 SSD drive factor.

There is an Intel NUC for every user, whether you’re an avid gamer, a home user who is content with the moderate performance or the opposite of it, a corporate user who demands a high-performance PC just because, an amateur DIYer or an experienced system builder who wants to have more control of the components, you’ve got all the luck with Intel NUC.

Sources:

Krass, Peter. “Your Intel NUC Rugged options just got modular”, 24 March 2020, https://www.techproviderzone.com/devices/your-intel-nuc-rugged-options-just-got-modular?itc=refresh Accessed 20 November 2020

The popularity of desktop computers has been going down the hill ever since portability became one of the key features of personal computers. However, manufacturers cannot just abandon the once-mighty desktop. Instead, they went through innovation and experimentation to keep it afloat with the current technology.

In partnership with Google, Asus joined the bandwagon in reinventing desktops into smaller forms and integrating Chrome OS into it, breathing new life to the declining traditional forms. Asus Chromebox is an elegantly-styled, lightweight, compact, and versatile desktop. It’s highly favored by users who only need the basics of a desktop computer, such as web browsing, video streaming, and simple file processing. Furthermore, it has full support for Android apps on Google play. The price tag is also pocket-friendly, especially if you are content with lower-end models. There is also no need to install anti-virus software as the built-in security with Chrome OS automatically installs updates and fixes, keeping it safe from some malware and viruses. Although Asus Chromebox has not been the first in the market, it has been making waves since its introduction in 2014.

Asus Chromebox 1

The first of the Asus Chromebox series, CN60, has two variants that are similar in all aspects save for the performance. The close-packed desktop comes with a diversity of ports; two USB 3.0 ports at the front, an AC Adapter, an Ethernet port, an HDMI, a DisplayPort, a 3.5mm audio jack at the rear, and an SD card reader on one side. It’s also equipped with a Kensington lock on the same side as the SD card reader, a dual-band 802.11 Wi-fi b/g/n card, and Bluetooth 4.0. It also houses 16GB SSD storage, and if that’s not enough, you can extend it to the cloud with 100GB storage space via Google Drive, which is free for two years. Furthermore, it supports dual display and can be mounted on any VESA-compliant monitor, saving more space on your desktop. Likewise, it can also be mounted on an HDTV. Measuring only 4.88’’ x 4.88’’ x 1.65’’, this compact PC can be carried squarely (pun intended) and easily.

Asus’s first attempt with the Chrome OS-powered desktop was released in March 2014. M004U’s hardware is not the most powerful but the Intel Celeron processor and 2GB of RAM will get you where you want to go. It was once hailed as the “least-expensive desktop computers ever sold” after it first retailed at $179.^[1] 

Two months after, Asus released the much faster M075U. With Intel Core i3 and 4GB of RAM running in the background, multi-tasking is made even faster. The graphics card is also upgraded to support up to 4k video. It is also bundled with a wired or wireless Chrome keyboard and mouse.

Asus Chromebox 2

In August of the same year, the business-oriented variant was released. Asus Chromebox CN62, also commonly called Asus Chromebox 2, is the fastest among the three, powered by 5th gen Intel Core i7 processor and 4GB of RAM. Like the Core i3 variant, it can support 4k videos. Targeting the corporate audience, it supports video conferencing with up to 20 participants. The card reader also supports 4 types of cards, namely: MultiMedia Card, SD Memory Card, SDHC Memory Card, and SDXC Memory Card, as opposed to its predecessors, which supported only two.

Asus Chromebox 3

The Chromebox 3 series comes in four hardware configurations and supports Linux apps. It is slightly bigger than the earlier series measuring 5.9’’ x 5.9’’ x 1.6’’. Weighing only 2.2 lbs, this versatile PC is still considerably compact and lightweight. The bigger size gives room for more ports. It has a full-sized HDMI port and 6 USB ports (two USB 2.0 ports, three USB 3.0 ports, and a USB-C 3.1 port), which supports power input, speedy data transfer, and allows a screen to be hooked up via a DisplayPort adapter. The versatile USB-C port helps get rid of the cable clutter with the same or even better functionality than the earlier versions. It adopted the Ethernet port, audio jack, SD card reader, and Kensington Lock from the earlier series. It’s equipped with an 802.11ac Wi-fi card and Bluetooth 4.2 for wireless connectivity. The integrated Intel graphics card enables it to play 4K UHD videos seamlessly. The only downside to Chromebox 3 is, the 100GB free storage from Google is reduced from 2 years to a year, but that’s more on the perks, not on the box.

N017U is the first of the four Chromebox 3 series. The mini-PC is run by a dual-core Intel Celeron 3865U, 1.8 GHz processor, 4GB of RAM, 32GB SSD hard drive, and a cache memory of 2MB. Maximum memory supported is up to 16GB. Of the four, only this model has Intel UHD Graphics 610, the lower end of the graphics card, installed, but it can play 4K videos nonetheless.

The second model, N018U was released with a much faster 7th gen Intel Core i3, 2.4 GHz processor. Like the N017U, it’s installed with 4GB of RAM but can support up to 16GB and is also built with a 32GB SSD hard drive. It also has a bigger cache memory of 3MB than N017U. The graphics card has been upgraded to Intel UHD Graphics 620, which is the same card used for the succeeding two models.

Next in line is the N019U model. Hardware configuration and all the other features are the same as N018U, except for the installed RAM, which is 8GB. Like the previous two, the maximum RAM supported is still 16GB.

The latest and the fastest model by far is the 2020 model, N020U. The installed hard drive and memory are the same as the previous two, but the 8th gen Intel Core i7 processor is much more superior. The cache memory is also higher at 8MB. This makes multi-tasking run smoothly without any lag.

Asus has been unstoppable in upgrading its line of Chromeboxes; always keeping up with the latest trend in technology to give its users what they need and even more. With all the amazing features that they integrate into their models, the next Asus Chromebox is definitely something to watch out for.

Sources:

[1] Wikipedia. “Chromebox”. N.d., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebox Accessed 16 Nov 2019

When it comes to business computers, the Dell OptiPlex is among the best. Targeting government, education, and healthcare sectors, among others, the OptiPlex has always been Dell’s flagship business-oriented computer since its introduction in 1993. This computer model comes standard with Intel CPU, Gigabit Ethernet, display ports, Intel graphics card, Nvidia or AMD, Windows professional edition, data protection software, and management features like Intel vPro. Customers can even customize the configuration of the components and software before buying their products. To cater to different business needs, Dell has versatile form factors – tower, small form factor, micro form factor, and all-in-one, to name a few. It has continually adapted with technology, going through the evolution from desktop workstations to All-in-One (AIO), integrating the latest technology at the time of the series’ introduction.

A Little Throwback

Dell has released countless OptiPlex models since this model was first introduced in 1993. Dell is known to change models every 12 to 18 months, probably to keep up with the latest trends in technology. Little is known about the OptiPlex early releases. Most, if not all, of these releases are already phased out. But it is the success of the first generation that propelled OptiPlex to what it is today.

Dell kickstarted the OptiPlex series in August 1993, back in the days when floppy disk drives were still a thing. The first generation of OptiPlex, OptiPlex GX1, came with a floppy disk drive, a 350MHz or 400MHz Intel Pentium II processor, a maximum of 768 MB of RAM, and SGRAM Matrox video modules. All components were enclosed in the classic beige chassis. The OptiPlex GX1 also had a variety of form factors, such as small form factor, low-profile desktop, midsize desktop, and mini-tower.

Two years later, in 1995, the second-generation Dell OptiPlex GXL was introduced. There is not much difference between this model and the first-gen model, except for the midnight-gray chassis with flip-up doors or clamshell cases. Like the first-gen model, this model also has a variety of form factors offering expandability for the internal bays.

Capacitor Controversy

Dell faced controversy with some GX270, SX270, GX280, and GX240 systems that were produced in 2003 and 2004. Faulty capacitors from Nichicon that bulged or leaked over time were used on the motherboard, causing the PC machines to shut down. Dell carried out an out-of-warranty coverage for the motherboard replacement of the affected systems. The warranty was valid for five years from the date of purchase, or until January 31, 2008, whichever came first.

BTX Series
Hardware components were constantly upgraded with new model releases, with CPU ranging from Intel Pentium or Celeron to Intel Dual Core, higher storage capacity, up to 16GB of RAM, and a faster graphics card. Dell also started integrating expansion slots for PCI cards onto the motherboard.

When the BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) form factor for motherboards emerged, Dell was among the first companies to implement it. For OptiPlex, it started with a limited number of GX280 in 2005, the majority of which were still made using the old casing. The BTX technology was fully implemented in all GX520 and GX620 series. The use of BTX technology continued until 2009 in the OptiPlex 780. Since BTX did not fare as well in the market, Dell transitioned back to ATX and Micro ATX succeeding models.

Going Further Sustainably

Aside from transitioning back to ATX, Dell also switched to more eco-friendly casings. Casings for the OptiPlex Series 4 and onwards are built with 35% recycled plastics. The 24-pin power connector was also changed to the 8-pin connector. Furthermore, the PATA interface was totally phased out in all Series 4 models, and the SATA II or III interfaces were used for storage. RAM is also expandable up to 32GB. The model later adopted Intel core microarchitecture i3, i5, and i7 for CPU, though Pentium and Celeron are still supported.

Series 4 also marked the beginning of the AIO form factor for OptiPlex. In mid-2012, the AIO form factor for OptiPlex 3010 and OptiPlex 9010 was introduced with 1600×900 display resolution. The AlOs, released in 2014 like the OptiPlex 9030, had a higher screen resolution of 1080p with an optional touch screen.

Slimmer But Tougher

Dell continued to enhance OptiPlex models with hardware upgrades. For optimum performance, newer generations of Intel processors were installed, integrating up to Core i9. RAM is expandable up to 64GB and a slot for M.2 2280 SSD was added to the internal bay. The majority of the All-in-One displays have 1080p IPS screens, but some models offer 4K resolution as an option. The 3840×2160 panel is also available for OptiPlex 7760. Because portable desktops were becoming a trend, bigger form factors were eliminated from the Series 5. Only the mini-tower, small form factor, microform factor, and all-in-one were retained.

OptiPlex XE
Dell has a special version of desktop computers designed for equipment manufacturers and Retail/POS systems, as well as other industries that require heavy-duty computers with long-life platforms, such as healthcare and banking. The rugged, industrial-grade desktop can withstand higher temperatures and has dust and water dripping protection. This model was first introduced in 2010 as the OptiPlex XE. The more expandable and less complex successor, OptiPlex XE2, was released in 2013. The third generation, the OptiPlex XE3, is the highest-performing and most expandable industrial-grade PC, released in 2018.^[2]

OptiPlex Today

As with previous generations, the 2020 releases of the OptiPlex systems come with numerous hardware upgrades. The latest generations are equipped with 10^th-generation Intel processors and up to 128GB of RAM for mini-tower and small form factors. Expandability continues to be its signature feature, with two slots for SSD, two slots for 3.5” HDD, and two slots for 2.5” HDD in small form factors, mini-towers, and microform factors. The AIOs come with a 2230/2280 SSD and a 2.5” HDD slot.

Dell also introduced the more compact ultra-form factor with its flagship OptiPlex 7070 Ultra. The super-sleek desktop can be hidden behind a monitor stand to function like an AIO but unlike an AIO, the components can still be upgraded like a traditional desktop.

The OptiPlex has been in the market for 27 years and Dell continues to be the leading brand in the corporate world. The legacy of the OptiPlex systems as the best performing and most reliable business-oriented desktop continues, not compromising on productivity, flexibility, and expandability despite shrinking form factors.

The Dawn of Transistors

Transistors are semiconductor devices that have two main functions in an electronic circuit – an amplifier and a switch. Before the era of transistors, vacuum tubes were predominantly used as an amplifier or a switch for the first half of the twentieth century. However, the high operating voltage requirement, high power consumption, and high production of heat caused vacuum tubes to become inefficient and unreliable over time. Not to mention, these tubes are bulky and fragile because the casing is made of glass. To solve this dilemma, years of research were done by different manufacturers for a suitable replacement.

At long last, in December of 1947, three physicists from Bell Laboratories successfully invented the first working transistor. John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley spent years of research to finally develop a working point-contact transistor. Shockley further improved the device into a bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which was the type of transistor that was widely used in the 1950s. Such was the importance of their invention that Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley were awarded the renowned Nobel Prize in 1956.

Evolution of Transistors

Much like any other device, transistors have also gone through several innovations. Back in the late 1950s, germanium played a crucial role in the development of transistors. Germanium-based transistors, however, have major drawbacks, with current leakage and intolerance of temperatures greater than 75 °C. Additionally, germanium is rare and expensive. This prompted the researchers at Bell Labs to look for a better alternative.

Gordon Teal a resounding name in the evolution of transistors. An American engineer at Bell Labs, Teal developed a method to produce pure germanium crystals to be used for germanium-based transistors. Likewise, Teal experimented with silicon as a possible replacement for germanium. In 1953, he moved back to Texas after he was offered the research director position at Texas Instruments (TI).^[1] Bringing his experience and knowledge on semiconductor crystals, he continued to work on purified silicon as a replacement for germanium. In April 1954, Teal and his team at TI developed the first silicon transistor, which was announced to the world in May of that year. Because of its superior characteristics, silicon gradually replaced germanium as the semiconductor used for transistors.

With the introduction of silicon transistors, researchers at Bell Labs achieved yet another breakthrough by developing a transistor that could surpass the performance of the bipolar junction transistor. In 1959, Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng invented the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with lower power consumption and higher density than the bipolar transistor. These valuable characteristics greatly popularized the MOSFET transistor, which has since become the most widely manufactured device in history.^[2]

Transforming Computer Technology

The invention of transistors was also revolutionary in the miniaturization of computers. Like earlier electronic devices, the first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as switches and amplifiers. After the advent of transistors, manufacturers also adopted the small device to build smaller, more efficient computers. In the years that followed, vacuum tubes were completely replaced by transistors, giving rise to the second generation of transistor computers.

The first computer to use transistors was believed to be the University of Manchester Transistor Computer. The Transistor Computer was built as a prototype, consisting of 92-point contact transistors and 550 diodes, and became fully operational in 1953. In 1955, the full-sized version of this computer was introduced, with 200-point contact transistors and 1300 diodes. Though the majority of the circuit used transistors, this device was not considered a completely transistorized computer, as vacuum tubes were still used in its clock generator.^[3]

In the mid-1950s, similar machines began sprouting up. The University of Manchester’s design was later adopted by Metropolitan-Vickers, who produced seven machines using bipolar junction transistors in 1956. However, the device, called the Metrovick 950, was not commercially available and was only used within the company. Likewise, Bell Labs came up with the TRADIC device in 1954,^[4] but like the Transistor Computer, the TRADIC used vacuum tubes for its clock power.

Built for the US Air Force in 1955, the Burroughs Atlas Mod 1-J1 Guidance Computer was the first computer to eliminate vacuum tubes entirely, and this model was the first fully transistorized computer. MIT also developed TX-0, their own transistor computer in 1956. Transistor computers also began to emerge in other parts of the world. The first device to show up in Asia was Japan’s ETL Mark III, released in 1956. The DRTE, released in 1957, and the Austrian Mailüfterl, released in 1958, were Canada’s and Europe’s first transistor computers, respectively. In 1959, Italy also released their first transistor computer, the Olivetti Elea 9003, which was later made available in the private market.^[5]

Although transistor computers were emerging globally in the 1950s, they were not made commercially available until 1959, when General Electric released the General Electric 210. Consequently, other manufacturers also introduced their own flagship transistor computer models. The IBM 7070 and the RCA 501 were some of the first models released, among others.^[6] Large-scale computers also followed this trend. The Philco Transac models S-1000 and S-2000 were among the first commercially available large-scale transistorized computers.

The evolution of transistor designs brought about major changes in computer design. The production of transistorized computers increased over time, as the technology became available commercially. Eventually, integrated circuits were adopted in the 1960s, giving way to the third generation of computers.

Small Size, Big Changes

Transistors have been preeminent since their invention over 70 years ago. This technology has propelled the invention and development of many other electronic devices. The humble size of the transistor does not cloak the magnitude of its contribution to technology. The transistor has undeniably changed the face of electronic circuitry and has brought about significant changes in the world, particularly in computer technology.

Sources:

[1]        Michael Riordan, “The Lost History of the Transistor”, 30 April 2004, https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-history/silicon-revolution/the-lost-history-of-the-transistor Accessed 20 Oct 2020
[2]        Wikipedia. “History of the Transistor”, N.d.,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor, Accessed 20 Oct 2020
[3]        Wikipedia. “Transistor Computer”, N.d., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_computer, Accessed 20 Oct 2020
[4]        “The Transistor” N.d., http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/supporting-documents/a.5-the-transistor-1947.html Accessed 20 Oct 2020
[5]        Wikipedia. “Transistor Computer”, N.d., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_computer, Accessed 20 Oct 2020
[6]        “The Transistor” N.d., http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/supporting-documents/a.5-the-transistor-1947.html Accessed 20 Oct 2020 ]]> https://linuxhint.com/razer_customer_support/ Sun, 08 Nov 2020 07:56:24 +0000 https://linuxhint.com/?p=75885 The standard warranty that comes with an OEM device is advantageous to customers but comes with certain limitations. Sometimes, a device issue occurs shortly after the warranty has expired, which leaves the repair process in the hands of the customer. However, it is standard business practice for manufacturers to offer warranty extensions. In this article, we will focus on the warranty coverage for Razer laptops.

Razer laptops have a limited one-year warranty that comes standard with purchase, but they also have warranty extension plans that can be used to extend coverage to a total of three years. In addition to a longer warranty period, these plans have other perks. If you have a Razer laptop or are planning to buy one, read on to find out more about Razer’s customer support services, the types of warranties you can obtain, and the warranty coverage for each warranty type.

Customer Support

Razer has three channels for customer support:

1. Online chat at https://support.razer.com/contact-support (available seven days a week from 9AM to 6PM SGT)
2. Phone representatives at 1-800-185-3004 (available seven days a week from 9AM to 6PM SGT)
3. Email (a webform can be filled out at any time to submit a case)

The support agents will assist you if you have inquiries, if there is an issue with your laptop, or if you need help sending your laptop for repair. Before you contact Razer for support, you should check out Razer’s knowledge base. Razer summarized the information that customers regularly request, as well as common issues and their corresponding solutions, into a comprehensive knowledge base. Therefore, instead of waiting on the phone or for online chat support, you should first check the knowledge base.

Razer Limited Warranty

The limited warranty comes standard with all new and refurbished Razer laptops. It covers repair, parts replacement and device replacement (if the device is deemed irreparable). However, not all claims are eligible. For eligible cases that fall under the Terms and Conditions, customers can submit a claim to the authorized reseller from which they purchased the product or to from Razer through support.razer.com/contact-us. The warranty periods of refurbished, sold out or discontinued products are shorter than those of new products.

The warranty applies to products purchased directly from Razer or from authorized resellers but it is not applicable to third-party products, even if those products that came with Razer products at the time of purchase. Likewise, it is not applicable to products purchased from unauthorized dealers. Most importantly, the limited warranty does not cover accidental damage like drops, spills, and acts of God.

Razer will acknowledge warranty claims only if valid proof of purchase, such as an official receipt or an email from an authorized dealer or reseller, is provided. The receipt or email should have a product description and price. If the laptop was purchased from Razer’s website, an order number will suffice.

Razer Extended Warranty

However, a one-year warranty coverage may not be sufficient, and some customers would prefer if accidental damage was covered. Luckily, thanks to Razer’s RazerCare program, you can extend your laptop’s warranty to up to three years, and you can have accidental damage covered. There are currently two plans under RazerCare: RazerCare Essential and RazerCare Elite.

With RazeCare Essential, you can extend the warranty of your laptop to three years. This plan has surge protection and covers mechanical and electrical failures. In addition, under this plan, Razer claim support is available 24 hours, and your laptop is automatically registered. The two-way shipping for repairs is free of charge, and there are no deductible charges for repairs. Furthermore, if you plan to give your laptop to a friend, the plan is transferable to the new owner at no cost.

If you are clumsy, we have good news! RazerCare Elite has all the benefits of RazerCare Essential, plus accidental damage coverage. With this plan, you will not be crying over spilled milk, as spills (in addition to drops, falls, and collisions) are covered.

With either plan, there is no limit to the number of claims you can make as long as the purchase value of your laptop has not been reached. For example, if the repair cost for the first claim is $100 and your laptop costs $2000, you still have a remaining claimable amount of $1900. It is important to note, however, that these plans have exclusions related to faulty software or data retrieval, cosmetic damages, gross negligence, theft, loss, and acts of God.

The RazerCare plans are currently available for US customers only and must be purchased from www.razer.com. If you were not able to purchase the plans with the laptop, you can still add a plan for up to 11 months after the date of purchase. Refurbished laptops are also eligible for these plans as long as they are purchased directly from Razer’s website.

Check out the prices below to determine which plan is right for you.

If you want to learn more about Razer’s support and warranties, you can visit www.razer.com.

Is the Extra Care (and Money) Worth It?

Warranties guarantee that the product is fully functional and free of defects at the time of purchase. However, while Razer’s limited warranty is hugely beneficial to customers, it only lasts a year for Razer laptops.

Because repairs can be costly and burdensome, it might be worthwhile to extend your warranty with one of the RazerCare plans. Unlike the limited warranty, these plans are not free. However, we believe the cost is appropriate for benefits you will receive under one of the plans.

Display

Blade Studio’s display is impressively rich in vibrant and vivid colors. Its wide 15.6-inch screen comes standard with a 4K OLED touch display and with its 100% DCI-P3 color gamut, it has a wider color coverage than the normal consumer video standard. In a nutshell, DCI-P3 color gamut is the standard used in film-making, which means it does not only have more colors than the other standards, the colors are also more accurate. With all these display specs, Blade Studio apparently outshines the display quality of an ordinary laptop. To top it all, the display is factory calibrated ensuring the best quality for its target audience.

Performance

Blade Studio has an ultra-fast processing speed. With the power of 10th gen 8-core Intel i7 10875H, 5.1 GHz processor, and 32GB DDR4 RAM running in the background, the processing speed is faster than the blink of an eye. Furthermore, the RAM is upgradeable to 64GB and it has a massive storage space of 1TB SSD.

Another component that makes it exceptional is the cutting-edge (and don’t forget expensive) GPU – NVIDIA Quadro RTX 5000 Studio Edition.  Armed with 16GB GDDR6 VRAM, 3072 Cuda cores, 48 ray-tracing cores, this GPU gives a peak performance of 9TF,^[2] making photo and video processing run smoothly without any lag. Combined with NVIDIA’s Studio drivers, this is probably the biggest upgrade in the Blade Studio edition. Another great thing worth mentioning about this GPU is, despite its incredibly powerful performance, it does not consume a lot of power. In fact, there is nothing special about Blade Studio’s charger which is just the regular 270W.

The battery life is also unexpectedly long for a laptop with premium hardware components. On an actual test done by playing a looped 1080p video, Blade Studio ran for almost 7 hours on battery.^[3] This only shows how power-efficient the hardware installed in the Blade Studio is.

Design

Blade Studio’s design is simple yet sophisticated. It is considerably compact, lightweight, and portable despite the type of hardware components enclosed in its sturdy, aluminum chassis. Weighing 4.85 lbs, this mobile workstation is easy to carry wherever you go. It has flexible connectivity features with more rooms for different types of ports – a memory card reader, USB-C (Thunderbolt 3), USB 3.2 (USB-A), an HDMI port, two USB-A ports, a USB-C port, and a 3.5mm headphone/microphone combo port. Despite the wide array of ports, it is still incredibly slim. Finally, the Mercury white color enhances the premium laptop’s simple but elegant look.

Other Features

Blade Studio has other first-rate features worth noting. It is loaded with Windows Pro OS and has a backlit per-key RGB keyboard powered by Razer Chroma. It also comes with Intel Wireless-AX201 (802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax), and Bluetooth 5.1. It has a built-in IR HD webcam (1MP/720p) which is compatible with Windows Hello. In addition, it has security features like the fingerprint sensor for added security when logging in, and to thief-proof the rather expensive laptop, it also has a Kensington security slot.

Blade 15 vs Blade Studio

Blade Studio and Blade 15 are targeted at different types of audiences but many are still curious as to what makes the studio edition different from Blade 15. If you are one of the curious ones, check out their tech specs below:

Blade Studio is not a laptop for everyone. For many it is an overkill; both in performance and price. But if you are from the creative industry, this premium laptop is without a doubt, a what-to-aim-for. Its stunning display quality, premium design, superior hardware, and stellar performance make rendering, video editing, or any other complex and hardware-exhaustive task run incessantly. With all the specs presented here, you be the judge whether it’s indeed worthy of its hefty price tag.

Note: Price and specs are all sourced from Razer’s website: https://www.razer.com/

Sources:

[1] Devine, Richard, “Razer Blade 15 vs. Blade 15 Studio Edition: What’s the difference?”, 27 Feb 2020 https://www.windowscentral.com/razer-blade-15-vs-blade-15-studio-edition-whats-difference Accessed 29 Oct 2020

[2] Devine, Richard, “Razer Blade 15 vs. Blade 15 Studio Edition: What’s the difference?”, 27 Feb 2020 https://www.windowscentral.com/razer-blade-15-vs-blade-15-studio-edition-whats-difference Accessed 29 Oct 2020

[3] Hanson, Matt, “Razer Blade 15 Studio Edition (2020) review”, 10 Sep 2020, https://www.techradar.com/reviews/razer-blade-15-studio-edition-2020 Accessed 29 Oct 2020

Limitless information is available online with Wi-Fi technology, accessible anytime, and almost everywhere. Because of this, most students prefer doing their research using portable devices such as laptops. Additionally, because of their flexibility and a plethora of tools and features, school projects are easier to complete with a laptop. It would unquestionably be difficult to go through school without one. Because it is now a necessity, Samsung designed laptops tailored for every student’s needs and more importantly, their budget.

In no particular order, here are the top picks for Samsung laptops that are easy on the pocket and best suited for students:

Samsung Chromebook 4+

With a 15.6” screen, it has a wider viewing angle than a normal netbook. Though the 1080p display is not the best out there, it’s more than enough for a pleasurable visual experience, whether watching video tutorials, creating colorful class presentations, or just binging on Netflix on lazy weeknights. Its Intel Celeron processor, expandable RAM of up to 6GB, ultra-fast Gigabit Wi-Fi, and 10-hour battery life provide an uninterruptible performance for a long period. The Chrome 4+ also comes with three internal storage options, 28GB, 64GB, and 128GB. All for an affordable price of $299.99, $349.99, and $379.99, respectively.

Samsung Chromebook 4

A compact version of 4+, this portable has an anti-reflective 11.6” HD LED display, with 1366 x 768 resolution. Running on an Intel Pentium N4000 processor, 4GB of RAM, and Gigabit Wi-Fi, it can also give acceptable performance, either when you’re doing your homework or simply running your favorite Android apps. Like the 4+, this has fast-charging capabilities and can last up to 10 hours on battery. You can also choose between 32GB or 64GB internal storage, and you can always use MicroSD storage for additional storage. This is all worth the $229.99 price for 32GB storage. If you want bigger storage space, just add $50 to get the 64GB option.

Samsung Chromebook 3.

An earlier generation of 4+ and 4, this lightweight Chromebook comes with all the basics that you need for a portable. Slim-built and weighs only 2.54lbs, it’s effortless to carry anywhere you go. It has the same display specs as Chromebook 4 and can be tilted to as low as 180 degrees. It’s 4GB of RAM, Intel Celeron N3060 processor, and Wi-Fi connectivity may not give as powerful performance as its successors but it got all you need for basic tasks such as word processing and online browsing. Just like its successors, the keyboard is spill-proof, which is fitting for students. It also comes with two internal storage options; 16GB, which is cheaper at $219.99, and 32GB, which you can get for $229.99.

Samsung Notebook Flash

This slim-built Windows notebook is best suited for students. Its 13.3” anti-glare, FHD LED display with 1080p resolution that comes with a webcam. It has versatile connectivity features with one USB-C port, USB 2.0 port, USB 3.0 port, HDMI port, DC-in port, and UFS (Universal Flash Storage) port. For those not familiar with UFS, it’s the latest innovation in flash memory technology that is five times faster than MicroSD storage.[1] Those who don’t have a UFS, fret not, the MicroSD card can still be used in the same slot. Another cool thing about Flash is the addition of a fingerprint sensor for added security when logging in. It also comes with a playful retro keyboard and has three colors to choose from – coral, white, and charcoal. Finally, it’s loaded Windows 10 OS, 4GB of RAM, a Gigabit Wi-fi connectivity, 64GB internal storage, and has two options for processor – Intel Pentium N4000 and Intel Pentium N5000. If you’re good with the processing speed of N4000, it fits the bill nicely at $349.99, but if you want a faster processor, then you can add extra bucks to get the N5000 at $399.99.

Samsung Chromebook Plus V2

This portable and lightweight, dual-camera 2-in-1 Chromebook is definitely a good value for your money. The screen is 12.2” with 1900 x 1200 resolution with LED backlighting that you can fold up to 360 degrees to convert it to a tablet. What’s more, it comes with a stylus pen that lets you switch to writing or sketching if you’re bored with typing. Interestingly, you can use it to take screenshots too. It comes with two cameras, a 13MP world view camera and a 1MP front camera for video chats. Moreover, it’s built-in with the Intel Core M3 processor, 4 GB of RAM, and up to 64GB internal storage. If you need more storage, you can always use the MicroSD slot. All these amazing features for only $599.99. There’s a less expensive option that is built with an Intel Celeron processor that you can get for a cheaper price of $549.99.

Samsung Chromebook Plus

The first generation of the Samsung Chromebook Plus V2 is also a portable 2-in-1, which means you can still switch between laptop and tablet mode. The defining difference between the two is the type of processor used. While the V2 upgraded to Intel, the first-gen is using an ARM Op 1 processor. In addition, Chromebook Plus has no rear camera, unlike its successor. The screen of Chromebook Plus is also taller at 12.3” with 2400 x 1600 resolution. The rest of the hardware and features are the same for both, which makes Plus still an excellent choice for students. Expectedly, it is cheaper than 4+. You can get it for as low as $449.99.

The South Korean manufacturer has built laptops for every type of user. Whether you’re a student, a professional on a budget or a practical user who doesn’t really bother about all the fancy features of premium laptops, the lightweight portables presented here are just right for you. Whether you want to weave through the crowd in 2-in-1s or traditional laptops, you can never go for less with quality laptops at reasonable prices from Samsung.

Note:

All prices and specs are from Samsung’s website: https://www.samsung.com/us/

Sources:

Samsung.com, “Notebook Flash”, N.d., https://www.samsung.com/us/computing/windows-laptops/notebook-flash/notebook-flash-np530xbb-k05us/#benefits Accessed 26 Oct 2020 ]]> https://linuxhint.com/samsung_vs_hp_laptops/ Sun, 01 Nov 2020 06:15:18 +0000 https://linuxhint.com/?p=74960

Choosing a laptop is not as easy as it seems. We all want value for our money so we first dive into the meticulous task of comparing the specs before picking the best one that suits our needs, wants, and budget. There’s a whole spectrum of models to choose from but what we consumers normally take into consideration are the design, the hardware specs, the display, and the price. Samsung and HP are the two brands that consumers are always on the lookout for new laptop releases. It comes as no surprise since these two brands have been in the technology business for decades. Both have laptops for every type of user. From professionals to students, to gamers, these two brands constantly raise their standards to keep up with the stiff competition in the laptop industry which embraces every new technology that emerges. For those who are still confused as to which brand to go for, the comparison between these two giants can surely help you decide.

Display

Samsung’s display is vibrant and sharp. Recently, they introduced their latest screen innovation, the QLED display, a screen technology that retains the panel’s power efficiency without compromising a bright and vivid display.^[1] They also have an outdoor mode in their recent releases which adjusts the screen’s brightness when there’s too much light. Their prior releases also utilized OLED technology as well as FHD (Full High Definition) and UHD (Ultra High Definition) on LED screens with a max resolution of 1920 x 1080.

Just like Samsung, HP also used OLED technology with up to 4k display. They also have FHD and UHD offerings but their screen resolution could be as high as 3840 x 2160, which means the display is crispier and sharper.^[2] The screen also has LED backlighting which produces a better image quality, more vibrant colors, and richer blacks.

For those who are dealing with visuals heavily like gamers and photographers, display quality substantially important. Both Samsung and HP offer display features that would captivate a buyer’s eye. Despite Samsung’s innovative QLED display, it still pales to HP’s 4K OLED panel which is brighter and more colorful.^[3] If you’re not very particular with the display quality though, there’s not much noticeable difference between the two and their display quality is still superb.

Design

Samsung has leveled-up its designs in the past few years. Like the latest trend, they have come up with 2-in-1 laptops, which can also be used as a tablet. Their designs are now super sleek, clean, and impressively slim and lightweight. Their experiment with different colors like the daring red and the flashy violet-blue gradient, also prove to be an advantage, giving their laptops a classy and luxurious look.

Aside from traditional laptops, HP also has its 2-in-1 flagships. Like with Samsung, they are also geared towards trendy sleek and slim designs. When it comes to colors though, they’re leaning more into subdued shades of white, silver, black, and blue. But HP’s approach to design is bolder than Samsung. Their color scheme of black and gold in Spectre X360 for example is simply stunning. Its gem cut chassis and pointed metal in its ventilators give it a futuristic look. Another remarkable HP design is the wood edition of their Envy series which includes real wood in its palm rest and trackpad giving it a vintage feel.

For some users, visual appeal is as important as the laptop’s specs and each user has a different taste when it comes to laptop design. Ultimately, the user will decide which brand has a more appealing design, which greatly depends on their preferences.

Performance

When it comes to overall performance, Samsung still lags behind HP which has constantly been one of the top choices of most critiques. HP machines are generally faster and perform better than their Samsung counterparts with better CPUs, more RAM, more storage, and better graphics card. In fact, they are favored by most reviewers from reliable sources such as CNET, Laptop Mag, and PCMag.^[4]

Samsung has not always been at the forefront when it comes to performance but they have been resilient and never stops improving the hardware components of their laptops. Their latest Galaxy Book Flex, for example, boasts Intel’s 10th Gen Ice Lake processor. The same processor was installed in HP’s Spectre x360. Likewise, they’re improving their RAM sizes and internal storage to keep up with the competition.

Price

The price range for both brands ranges from as low as $300 to as much as $1500. When you check out the prices from their websites, you’ll see that HP’s 2-in-1s are slightly cheaper than Samsung’s Galaxy series. 13” Galaxy Book Flex for example, with 512GB memory costs $1399.99 while 13” HP’s Spectre x360 with the same memory costs only $1299.99. HP’s premium laptops though, like the latest Elite Dragonfly is quite costly at $2299.

When it comes to pricing, both brands are on par with each other. Some models are more expensive and some are cheaper than their counterparts but the price difference is not that much. It’s usually the special features added to their devices that make them a tad more expensive than the other but it all comes down as to whether you need these features or not.

Which One to Choose?

There are many things to consider before buying a laptop. Each model has its pros and cons and all these sometimes make it hard to decide which one to choose. The previous releases from Samsung were honestly unimpressive and underwhelming as compared to HP’s whose products have been favorable to most consumers over the years. However, Samsung is slowly coming back with a lot of upgrades not only in terms of performance but also in aesthetics giving the other competitors a run for their money. So, which one to choose? I would personally go for HP as it’s better than Samsung in many aspects. Additionally, based on reviews from different websites, HP always comes on top of Samsung. The tech giant from South Korea however is a formidable contender. After coming back with a vengeance recently, it can surely crawl up the list in a few years.

Sources

[1] Laptop Mag. “Samsung: 2020 Brand Report Card”, 17 Sep 2020, https://www.laptopmag.com/features/samsung-brand-rating, Accessed 24 Oct 2020

[2] Knerl, Linsey, “What is My Screen Resolution?”, 8 Nov 2019, https://store.hp.com/us/en/tech-takes/what-is-my-screen-resolution Accessed 24 Oct 2020

[3] Casey, Henry, “Samsung Galaxy Book Flex Review”, 4 May 2020, https://www.tomsguide.com/reviews/samsung-galaxy-book-flex Accessed 24 Oct 2020

[4] Slant. “Samsung Galaxy Book Flex (2020) vs HP Spectre x360 15t (2019)”, N.d., https://www.slant.co/ai/hp-spectre-x360-15t-2019-vs-samsung-galaxy-book-flex-2020 Accessed 24 Oct 2020